Emerging concepts of miRNA therapeutics: from cells to clinic.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming a booming technology to fabricate scaffolds, orthoses, and prosthetic devices for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and rehabilitation for patients with disabling neurological diseases (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injuries, and spinal cord injuries). This is due to the potential of 3D printing to provide patient-specific designs, high structural complexity, and rapid on-demand fabrication at a low-cost. However, one of the major bottlenecks that limits the widespread acceptance of 3D printing for biomedical manufacturing is the lack of polymers, biomaterials, hydrogels, and bioinks functional for 3D printing, biocompatible, and more performing from the biomechanical point of view to meet the different needs. As a matter of fact the field is still struggling with processing of such materials into self-supporting devices with tunable biomechanics, optimal structures, degradation, and bioactivity. Here, will be highlighted all recent advances that have been made in the field of 3D printing in biomedicine, analyzing the polymers, hydrogels, and bioinks, according to their printability, ease of processability, cost, and properties such as mechanics, biocompatibility, and degradation rate. Finally, future considerations for 3D bio-fabrication will be discussed.

Polymeric biomaterials for 3D printing in medicine: An overview

New methods and technologies within the field of lung biology are beginning to shed new light into the microbial world of the respiratory tract. Long considered to be a sterile environment, it is now clear that the human lungs are frequently exposed to live microbes and their by-products. The nature of the lung microbiome is quite distinct from other microbial communities inhabiting our bodies such as those in the gut. Notably, the microbiome of the lung exhibits a low biomass and is dominated by dynamic fluxes of microbial immigration and clearance, resulting in a bacterial burden and microbiome composition that is fluid in nature rather than fixed. As our understanding of the microbial ecology of the lung improves, it is becoming increasingly apparent that certain disease states can disrupt the microbial–host interface and ultimately affect disease pathogenesis. In this Review, we provide an overview of lower airway microbial dynamics in health and disease and discuss future work that is required to uncover novel therapeutic targets to improve lung health. Like the gut, the lung harbours a diverse, interacting assortment of microbiota. In this review, Natalini, Singh and Segal examine the role of the lung microbiome in health and disease and discuss future work that is needed to produce novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools aimed at improving lung health. 

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The dynamic lung microbiome in health and disease

Allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and asthma are increasing in the developing world, related to a westernizing lifestyle, while the prevalence is stable and decreasing in the industrialized world. This paper aims to answer the question if prevention and/or treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma can be achieved by administrating pro-, pre- and/or synbiotics that might contribute to stabilizing the disturbed microbiome that influences the immune system through the gut-lung axis. We searched for relevant English articles in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles interesting for the topic were selected using subject heading and key words. Interesting references in included articles were also considered. While there is substantial evidence from animal studies in well controlled conditions that selected probiotic strains may offer benefits in the prevention of wheezing and asthma, outcomes from clinical studies in infants (including as well pre- and postnatal administration) are disappointing. The latter may be related to the multiple confounding factors such as environment, strain selection and dosage, moment of administration and genetic background. There is little evidence to recommend administration of pro, pre- or synbiotics in the prevention of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/3/934/pdf

Prevention and Management with Pro-, Pre and Synbiotics in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis: A Narrative Review

Bioink: a 3D-bioprinting tool for anticancer drug discovery and cancer management.

The intestinal microbial flora has risen to be one of the important etiological factors in the development of diseases like colorectal cancer, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, anxiety and Parkinson's. The emergence of the association between bacterial flora and lungs led to the discovery of the gut-lung axis. Dysbiosis of several species of colonic bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and transfer of these bacteria from gut to lungs via lymphatic and systemic circulation are associated with several respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, etc. Current therapies for dysbiosis include use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to restore the balance between various species of beneficial bacteria. Various approaches like nanotechnology and microencapsulation have been explored to increase the permeability and viability of probiotics in the body. The need of the day is comprehensive study of mechanisms behind dysbiosis, translocation of microbiota from gut to lung through various channels and new technology for evaluating treatment to correct this dysbiosis which in turn can be used to manage various respiratory diseases. Microfluidics and organ on chip model are emerging technologies that can satisfy these needs. This review gives an overview of colonic commensals in lung pathology and novel systems that help in alleviating symptoms of lung diseases. We have also hypothesized new models to help in understanding bacterial pathways involved in the gut-lung axis as well as act as a futuristic approach in finding treatment of respiratory diseases caused by dysbiosis.

Gut microbiome a promising target for management of respiratory diseases

Layer-by-layer deposition of cells, tissues and similar molecules provided by additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D bioprinting offers safe, biocompatible, effective and inert methods for the production of biological structures and biomimetic scaffolds. 3D bioprinting assisted through computer programmes and software develops mutli-modal nano- or micro-particulate systems such as biosensors, dosage forms or delivery systems and other biological scaffolds like pharmaceutical implants, prosthetics, etc. This review article focuses on the implementation of 3D bioprinting techniques in the gene expression, in gene editing or therapy and in delivery of genes. The applications of 3D printing are extensive and include gene therapy, modulation and expression in cancers, tissue engineering, osteogenesis, skin and vascular regeneration. Inclusion of nanotechnology with genomic bioprinting parameters such as gene conjugated or gene encapsulated 3D printed nanostructures may offer new avenues in the future for efficient and controlled treatment and help in overcoming the limitations faced in conventional methods. Moreover, expansion of the benefits from such techniques is advantageous in real-time delivery or in-situ production of nucleic acids into the host cells. Aspects of 3D bioprinting in gene delivery.

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Riddhi Trivedi

Papers

Gut microbiome a promising target for management of respiratory diseases

3D Printed Bioconstructs: Regenerative Modulation for Genetic Expression

Delivery systems for improving iron uptake in anemia.

Nanotheranostics in epilepsy: A perspective for multimodal diagnosis and strategic management

Biofluidic material-based carriers: Potential systems for crossing cellular barriers