抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review.

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

Fundamental features of microbial cellulose utilization are examined at successively higher levels of aggregation encompassing the structure and composition of cellulosic biomass, taxonomic diversity, cellulase enzyme systems, molecular biology of cellulase enzymes, physiology of cellulolytic microorganisms, ecological aspects of cellulase-degrading communities, and rate-limiting factors in nature. The methodological basis for studying microbial cellulose utilization is considered relative to quantification of cells and enzymes in the presence of solid substrates as well as apparatus and analysis for cellulose-grown continuous cultures. Quantitative description of cellulose hydrolysis is addressed with respect to adsorption of cellulase enzymes, rates of enzymatic hydrolysis, bioenergetics of microbial cellulose utilization, kinetics of microbial cellulose utilization, and contrasting features compared to soluble substrate kinetics. A biological perspective on processing cellulosic biomass is presented, including features of pretreated substrates and alternative process configurations. Organism development is considered for "consolidated bioprocessing" (CBP), in which the production of cellulolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of biomass, and fermentation of resulting sugars to desired products occur in one step. Two organism development strategies for CBP are examined: (i) improve product yield and tolerance in microorganisms able to utilize cellulose, or (ii) express a heterologous system for cellulose hydrolysis and utilization in microorganisms that exhibit high product yield and tolerance. A concluding discussion identifies unresolved issues pertaining to microbial cellulose utilization, suggests approaches by which such issues might be resolved, and contrasts a microbially oriented cellulose hydrolysis paradigm to the more conventional enzymatically oriented paradigm in both fundamental and applied contexts.

/pdf/microbial-cellulose-utilization-fundamentals-and-4yec12qx1c.pdf

Microbial cellulose utilization: fundamentals and biotechnology.

https://cbs.umn.edu/sites/cbs.umn.edu/files/public/downloads/Nguyenetal2015b.pdf

FUNGuild: An open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild

Association of pine wood nematode with stressed trees in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

Progressive Stages of Discoloration and Decay Associated with the Canker-Rot Fungus,Inonotus obliquus,in Birch

Jurgens, J. A., Blanchette, R. A., Zambino, P. J., and David, A. 2003. Histology of white pine blister rust in needles of resistant and susceptible eastern white pine. Plant Dis. 87:1026-1030. White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola, has plagued the forests of North America for almost a century. Over past decades, eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) that appear to tolerate the disease have been selected and incorporated into breeding programs. Seeds from P. strobus with putative resistance were collected from Oconto River Seed Orchard, Nicolet National Forest, WI. Seedlings were grown for 5 months and artificially inoculated with basidiospores of C. ribicola in two replicated greenhouse experiments. Needles from infected seedlings were fixed, sectioned, and stained with a variety of histological reagents, and rate of mortality for the remaining seedlings was monitored. The most susceptible families suffered 50% mortality in approximately half the time of the more resistant families. Extensive inter- and intracellular hyphae were observed in needles from seedlings of susceptible families, whereas hyphal proliferation was restricted in needles of resistant seedlings. Needles from resistant families had pronounced responses to infection. Phenolics, observed with phloroglucinol-HCl staining, were deposited around infection sites where dense mycelial masses were present. Abnormal host cell growth and rapid cell death in the immediate area of infection were also observed in some eastern white pine families.

/pdf/histology-of-white-pine-blister-rust-in-needles-of-resistant-14zuhz6yil.pdf

Histology of white pine blister rust in needles of resistant and susceptible eastern white pine

Climate, decay, and the death of the coal forests

In a forest tree nursery, 100% methyl bromide (MB), 100% chloropicrin (CP), combinations of MB and CP, and dazomet significantly reduced populations of soil fungi. (...) Nine months after fumigation, populations of soil fungi remained lower only in plots treated with MB and/or CP. Preemergence mortality of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) was greatest when seed was covered with silica sand (49%) and least when soil was treated with 100% MB (21%). Postemergence damping-off was greatest when soil was treated with captan (19%) and least when soil was treated with 67% MB and 33% CP 1%. (...)

Robert A. Blanchette

Papers

Association of pine wood nematode with stressed trees in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.

Progressive Stages of Discoloration and Decay Associated with the Canker-Rot Fungus,Inonotus obliquus,in Birch

Histology of white pine blister rust in needles of resistant and susceptible eastern white pine

Climate, decay, and the death of the coal forests

Managing soilborne pathogens of white pine in a forest nursery.