References [1] Atsuko Abe. The Relationship between Japan and the European Union: Domestic Politics and Transnational Relations. Athlone Press, 1999. [2] Kōbō Abe. Women in the Dunes. Knopf, 1964. Translated by E. Dale Saunders. [3] Kōbō Abe. Friends. Grove, 1969. Translated by Donald Keene. [4] Kōbō Abe. The Box Man. Putnam Perigee, 1981. Translated by E. Dale Saunders. [5] Hallett E. Abend. Japan Unmasked. 1941. [6] Joyce Ackroyd. Told Round a Brushwood Fire: The Autobiography of Arai Hakuseki. University of Arizona Press, 1980. translated by Joyce Ackroyd. [7] Roy H. Akagi. Japan’s Foreign Relations, 1542-1936. 1936. [8] Motojiro Akashi. Rakka Ryusui: Colonel Akashi’s Report on His Secret Cooperat?? 1988. [9] George Akita. Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868-1900. Harvard University Press, 1967. [10] George Akita. An examination of e.h. norman’s scholarship. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 3(2), 1977.

http://openhistory.org/jhdp/download/bibliography/0.0.6/japanese_history.pdf

BibTex List of Materials Related to the Study of Japanese History

This paper provides a comprehensive catalog of biographical and bibliographical publications for over 12,000 malacologists, conchologists, paleontologists, and others with an interest in mollusks, from Aristotle to the present. For each person, the birth/death years and nationality are given (when known), followed by bibliographic citations to the literature about that person and his/her collections and publications. Appendices provide citations to (1) publications on oceanographic expeditions and other natural history expeditions that resulted in the collection and description of mollusks; (2) histories of malacological institutions and organizations; and (3) histories and dates of publication of malacological journals, and journals frequently cited in malacological publications, such as those of the Zoological Society of London. Two Annexes provide collations for several molluscan works.

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2,400 Years of Malacology

Guido F. Verbeck has been viewed as a pioneer missionary, a key oyatoi gaikokujin (“foreign employee”) and a ‘foreign hero’ for modern Japan. This case-study focuses on one of the most prominent foreign figures in Bakumatsu-Meiji Japan, Guido F. Verbeck. Arriving in Nagasaki in 1859 when the ports opened, he was the only Protestant missionary in western Japan throughout the 1860s, where he taught or interacted with some of the future leaders of Meiji Japan. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, he served as the superintendent of the Daigaku Nankō, the government school of Western studies in Tokyo and as a translator and special advisor to the highest organs of the government. For the last two decades of his life, he returned to full-time missionary work, supporting Japanese Christians through translation, teaching and evangelism. Verbeck was decorated by the Meiji Emperor in 1877, granted special Japanese passports in 1891, and buried in Japan in 1898 with great honors. Arguably more respected than any other missionary or foreigner in Bakumatsu-Meiji Japan, he was a revered teacher and trusted advisor, as well as one of the most gifted foreign speakers of Japanese. 

In this dissertation, I analyze the literature and scholarship on Verbeck and examine how he has been perceived in various time periods. Though there are few biographies on Verbeck, the literature pertaining to Verbeck is much larger. The method I propose for considering why certain figures like Verbeck are attractive, is to view their lives as “enacted narratives”—that is, as figures that embody certain larger narratives for their societies. In the literature on Verbeck, for both Western and Japanese observers, he has enacted the narratives of the modern missionary movement, global modernization, and Japanese nationalism. I also argue that studying Verbeck could revive the lack of interest in Japan in recent literature on the history of missions, enrich the scholarship on intercultural exchanges and their role in modernization, and broaden the discussion of nationalism in Japan and elsewhere to include categories like “foreign heroes.”

Verbeck of Japan: Guido F. Verbeck as Pioneer Missionary, Oyatoi Gaikokujin, and "Foreign Hero"

Pennanen, Henna-Riikka Material, Mental, and Moral Progress: American conceptions of civilization in late 19th century studies on “things Chinese and Japanese”. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2015, 412 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities, ISSN 1459-4323 (nid.); ISSN 1459-4331 (PDF); 241) ISBN 978-951-39-6031-5 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-6032-2 (PDF) The thesis is about 19th century American conceptions – and the concept – of civilization. By the late 19th century, the concept had become indispensable in American discussions about politics, society, religion, and culture. However, the meanings various discussants gave to the concept were manifold, ambiguous, and even antithetical. Therefore, the concept resembled closely what Reinhart Koselleck has called a Grundbegriffe, or a key concept. The thesis is a study on how six American experts on China and Japan used this key concept in their studies on “things Chinese and Japanese,” what changing meanings they gave to it, and how the authors viewed and explained the world around them through this concept, and the ideas it embodied. In attempting to understand, interpret, and represent the foreign civilizations and cultures they encountered in China and Japan, these six experts found the concept of civilization eminently useful. They devised material, mental, and moral gauges with which they measured the level of Civilization a given nation had attained. At the same time, they became quite reflective about their own civilization, about the idea in general, and about the related contemporary concepts of progress, evolution, and race. The methodological approach of the thesis draws partly from cultural history, or theoretical and methodological discussions about images, representations, cultural encounters, and power relations. On the other hand, the thesis draws from intellectual and conceptual history, or discussions about language, concepts, and the role of different contexts in the interpretation of texts. With the help of these methodological insights, the thesis aims to show the practical importance and complexity of the concept of civilization in popular scientific writing, and the extent to which the concept had become democratized and established in the 19th century American society.

Material, mental, and moral progress : American conceptions of civilization in late 19th century studies on "things Chinese and Japanese"

Japonisme, a Japanese influence on Western art and design, enjoyed intense popularity during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This study is primarily concerned with the interrelationship between products of that influence, items of japonaiserie, and Pierre Loti's first Japanese travelogue, Madame Chrysantheme (1887). It proposes that this work can be considered and meaningfully analysed as an item of 'literary' japonaiserie even though it contained aspects that criticised Japan. Characteristic of nineteenth-century commentary on Japan, Madame Chrysantheme is an amalgam of conflicting elements. While the work evokes and reinforces the ideas of a quaint, invigorating, and exotic Japan popular amongst European readers due largely to japonisme, at the same time its protagonist frequently criticises, belittles, and derides aspects of Japan and his Japanese experience. It is this duality combined with the major influence the work has had on Western perceptions of Japan that makes Madame Chrysantheme an important work to examine as an item of japonaiserie. This study aims towards an intraand extra-textual evaluation of Madame Chrysantheme. It first examines various extra-textual contexts, applying these to the travelogue through an in-depth, intratextual analysis in Part V. The stylistic and thematic similarities between the book and japonisme in the non-literary arts are examined, and their nature and extent suggest that Loti deliberately tailored Madame Chrysantheme to meet consumer expectations. Similarities centre upon narrative style and language use, as well as aspects of the 'traditional,' exotic, and unusual Japan that consumers were familiar with being given precedence over a balanced representation of the reality of Meiji Era Japan. The negative criticism levied at Japan that runs throughout the work is also examined. This aims to demonstrate that while being a formulaic 'Japanesque' travel memoir, Madame Chrysantheme also contains aspects that contrasted and conflicted with the prevailing stereotypes of japonaiserie. In particular, language use and the protagonist's response to Japanese women are vehicles by which he diminishes and derides Japan and the Japanese, while his emotional detachment contrasts with his affection for other places and peoples as recounted in other examples of his travel writing. This study aims to contribute towards the present body of scholarship on Madame Chrysantheme in several ways. Firstly, while recognising the work as a travelogue, it analyses it as an example or product of japonisme, a movement hitherto largely attributed to the fine and/or decorative arts. Conversely, it broadens conventional scholarly discussion of japonisme and japonaiserie to include travel writing. Secondly, this investigation is the first book-length study dedicated specifically to Madame Chrysantheme and japonaiserie. Its focus on the interrelationship between japonaiserie and

Madame Chrysanthème as an item of nineteenth-century French Japonaiserie

Based on the travels of Griffis, Morse, and Hearn in the late 1800s, these stories evoke the immediacy of daily experience in Meiji, Japan, a nation still feudal in many of its habits yet captivating to Westerners for its gentleness, beauty, and pure charm. Illustrated.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3B03B9F44003680EEC0A68E6F5FFE1F8/S0021911800048038a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-mirror-in-the-shrine-american-encounters-with-meiji-japan-span-by-robert-a-rosenstone-cambridge-mass-harvard-university-press-1988-xiv-315-pp-25-00-div.pdf

Mirror in the Shrine: American Encounters with Meiji Japan . By Robert A. Rosenstone. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. xiv, 315 pp. $25.00.

Some forty years ago I wrote my first essay on historical (history) film. At the time, the field of history almost totally ignored the visual media. In the early eighties of the last century, the few historians who wrote about film did so as part of a traditional topic -- such as the history, or economics, or cultural impact of the motion picture industry. Historical journals did not review history films, and any historian who considered a dramatic feature as a possible way of understanding the past would have been considered not to be a serious member of the profession.

The Historical Film as a Field, a Mode of Thought (Historying) and a Pack of Tricks We Play Upon the Dead, History is . . . a pack of tricks which we play upon the dead” – Voltaire

Robert A. Rosenstone

Papers

Mirror in the Shrine: American Encounters with Meiji Japan . By Robert A. Rosenstone. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. xiv, 315 pp. $25.00.

The Historical Film as a Field, a Mode of Thought (Historying) and a Pack of Tricks We Play Upon the Dead, History is . . . a pack of tricks which we play upon the dead” – Voltaire