Infectious Diseases Society of America.

This paper consolidates the state of academic research on innovation. Based on a systematic review of literature published over the past 27 years, we synthesize various research perspectives into a comprehensive multi-dimensional framework of organizational innovation - linking leadership, innovation as a process, and innovation as an outcome. We also suggest measures of determinants of organizational innovation and present implications for both research and managerial practice.

A Multi‐Dimensional Framework of Organizational Innovation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

正しい方法がわかる臨床基本手技 : from the New England journal of medicine

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a heterogeneous group of neoplastic lesions in the breast ducts. The goal for management of DCIS is to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. This manuscript focuses on the NCCN Guidelines Panel recommendations for the workup, primary treatment, risk reduction strategies, and surveillance specific to DCIS.

https://www.unitypoint.org/desmoines/filesimages/Cancer%20Education/Oncology%20Nursing%20Conference/2015/2014%20NCCN%20Clin%20Pract%20Guidelines%20Male%20Sex%20Dysf.pdf

Clinical practice guidelines in oncology

Measurement of the process of innovation is critical for both practitioners and academics, yet the literature is characterized by a diversity of approaches, prescriptions and practices that can be confusing and contradictory. Conceptualized as a process, innovation measurement lends itself to disaggregation into a series of separate studies. The consequence of this is the absence of a holistic framework covering the range of activities required to turn ideas into useful and marketable products. We attempt to address this gap by reviewing the literature pertaining to the measurement of innovation management at the level of the firm. Drawing on a wide body of literature, we first develop a synthesized framework of the innovation management process consisting of seven categories: inputs management, knowledge management, innovation strategy, organizational culture and structure, portfolio management, project management and commercialization. Second, we populate each category of the framework with factors empirically demonstrated to be significant in the innovation process, and illustrative measures to map the territory of innovation management measurement. The review makes two important contributions. First, it takes the difficult step of incorporating a vastly diverse literature into a single framework. Second, it provides a framework against which managers can evaluate their own innovation activity, explore the extent to which their organization is nominally innovative or whether or not innovation is embedded throughout their organization, and identify areas for improvement.

/pdf/innovation-management-measurement-a-review-2ulub0c559.pdf

Innovation management measurement: A review

The clinical usefulness of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for the diagnosis of parotid gland lesions is controversial. Many accuracy studies have been published, but the literature has not been adequately summarized. We identified 64 studies on the diagnosis of malignancy (6,169 cases) and 7 studies on the diagnosis of neoplasia (795 cases). The diagnosis of neoplasia (area under the summary receiver operating characteristic [AUSROC] curve, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97-1.00) had higher accuracy than the diagnosis of malignancy (AUSROC, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97). Several sources of bias were identified that could affect study estimates. Studies on the diagnosis of malignancy showed significant heterogeneity (P < .001). The subgroups of American, French, and Turkish studies showed greater homogeneity, but the accuracy of these subgroups was not significantly different from that of the remaining subgroup. It is not possible to provide a general guideline on the clinical usefulness of FNAC for parotid gland lesions owing to the variability in study results. There is a need to improve the quality of reporting and to improve study designs to remove or assess the impact of bias.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-the-diagnostic-45oqdwtawk.pdf

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for Parotid Gland Lesions

The authors review the progress that has been made in the development of quantitative models of R&D project-selection processes. Future research needs in the area are assessed. R&D project-selection has traditionally been modeled in the management science literature as a constrained optimization problem. The deficiencies of this approach have been described, and the need for new approaches has been recognized. In particular, the optimization approach ignores the organizational context in which decisions are made. A new stream of research in R&D project-selection models emerged in the 1970s in response to this need. The philosophy underlying the new approach differs significantly from traditional optimization models. The new approach seeks insight rather than outcomes and focuses on the decision process. >

Recent progress in modeling R&D project-selection processes

Context.—Accuracy is an important feature of any diagnostic test. There has been an increasing awareness of deficiencies in study design that can create bias in estimates of test accuracy. Many pathologists are unaware of these sources of bias. Objective.—To explain the causes and increase awareness of several common types of bias that result from deficiencies in the design of diagnostic accuracy studies. Data Sources.—We cite examples from the literature and provide calculations to illustrate the impact of study design features on estimates of diagnostic accuracy. In a companion article by Schmidt et al in this issue, we use these principles to evaluate diagnostic studies associated with a specific diagnostic test for risk of bias and reporting quality. Conclusions.—There are several sources of bias that are unique to diagnostic accuracy studies. Because pathologists are both consumers and producers of such studies, it is important that they be aware of the risk of bias.

http://www.iacld.ir/DL/elm/understandingsourcesofbasindiagnosticaccuracystudiesreviewarticle.pdf

Understanding Sources of Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

Background
Several recent studies have investigated the utility of 19-, 22-, and 25-gauge needles in endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS–FNA) of pancreatic and peri-pancreatic tumors.

Needle Size Has Only a Limited Effect on Outcomes in EUS-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) has the potential to improve the adequacy rates of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Studies have obtained variable results on the influence of ROSE. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the influence of ROSE on FNA adequacy. We synthesized evidence across all anatomic locations. We only included studies that contained a control arm and compared cohorts with ROSE against cohorts without ROSE at a single location. We screened 2,179 studies and identified 25 studies that met our inclusion criteria. On average, ROSE improves the adequacy rate by 12%, but there was considerable variability across studies. The adequacy rate with ROSE depends on the non-ROSE adequacy rate. Sixty-five percent of the variability in the adequacy rate with ROSE was found to occur because of differences in the adequacy rate without ROSE. Studies with high non-ROSE adequacy rates showed low improvement after ROSE was implemented. Studies must account for the effect of the non-ROSE adequacy rate to determine the effect of ROSE on FNA adequacy rates.

/pdf/the-influence-of-rapid-onsite-evaluation-on-the-adequacy-53wwgvb054.pdf

Robert L. Schmidt

Papers

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology for Parotid Gland Lesions

Recent progress in modeling R&D project-selection processes

Understanding Sources of Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

Needle Size Has Only a Limited Effect on Outcomes in EUS-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The influence of rapid onsite evaluation on the adequacy rate of fine-needle aspiration cytology: a systematic review and meta-analysis.