Robley C. Williams

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the factors which determine image contrast in optical and electron micrographs and proposed a shadow casting technique whereby the contrast of images is greatly increased by depositing obliquely a thin film of metal on the microscope preparations.

TL;DR: A new procedure is described for the electron microscopy of small objects that involves the oblique evaporation of a thin film of metal over the preparation before micrography, which produces new information about the heights and shapes of objects seen in the preparation.

TL;DR: Two improvements are described in the use of shadow electron micrography for the observation of particles of macromolecular dimensions that involve the substitution of gold for chromium as shadowing metal and metal-shadowing small particles deposited on a very smooth surface such as that of polished glass.

TL;DR: The present communication describes experiments carried out on a hæmocyanin, where the visibility of small objects appearing in preparations has been so greatly enhanced by the shadowing technique that it was led to apply it to the photography of the elementary particles, or molecules, of a number of proteins and high polymeric substances.