抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.

Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain

https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/ftp/articles/desikan06-parcellation.pdf

An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest.

https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/ftp/articles/dale99-recon1.pdf

Cortical surface-based analysis. I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction

Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

A Coordinate System for the Cortical Surface

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/227/4690/1065.full.pdf

On the mathematical structure of the visuotopic mapping of macaque striate cortex.

One of the most remarkable properties of the visual system is the ability to identify and categorize a wide variety of objects effortlessly. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. Specifically, the question of how individual object information is represented and intrinsically organized is still poorly understood. To address this question, we presented images of isolated real-world objects spanning a wide range of categories to awake monkeys using a rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design and analyzed the responses of multiple areas involved in object processing. We found that the multivoxel response patterns to individual exemplars in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex, especially area TE, encoded the animate-inanimate categorical division, with a subordinate cluster of faces within the animate category. In contrast, the individual exemplar representations in V4, the amygdala, and prefrontal cortex showed either no categorical structure, or a categorical structure different from that in IT cortex. Moreover, in the IT face-selective regions (“face patches”), especially the anterior face patches, (1) the multivoxel response patterns to individual exemplars showed a categorical distinction between faces and nonface objects (i.e., body parts and inanimate objects), and (2) the regionally averaged activations to individual exemplars showed face-selectivity and within-face exemplar-selectivity. Our findings demonstrate that, at both the single-exemplar and the population level, intrinsic object representation and categorization are organized hierarchically as one moves anteriorly along the ventral pathway, reflecting both modular and distributed processing.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/33/28/11346.full.pdf

Intrinsic Structure of Visual Exemplar and Category Representations in Macaque Brain

3125 Background: AZD0530 is a highly selective, dual-specific, orally available, small molecule inhibitor of Src kinase and Bcr-Abl. Methods: Two studies were conducted in healthy male volunteers t...

Phase I ascending single and multiple dose studies to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of AZD0530, a highly selective, dual-specific Src-Abl inhibitor

Here, we mapped fMRI responses to incrementally changing shapes along a continuous 3D morph, ranging from a head (“face”) to a house (“place”). The response to each shape was mapped independently by using single-stimulus imaging, and stimulus shapes were equated for lower-level visual cues. We measured activity in 2-mm samples across human inferior temporal cortex from the fusiform face area (FFA) (apparently selective for faces) to the parahippocampal place area (PPA) (apparently selective for places), testing for (i) incremental changes in the topography of FFA and PPA (predicted by the continuous-mapping model) or (ii) little or no response to the intermediate morphed shapes (predicted by the category model). Neither result occurred; instead, we found approximately linearly graded changes in the response amplitudes to graded-shape changes, without changes in topography—similar to visual responses in different lower-tier cortical areas.

/pdf/fmri-mapping-of-a-morphed-continuum-of-3d-shapes-within-4dcbor703f.pdf

Roger B. H. Tootell

Papers

A Coordinate System for the Cortical Surface

On the mathematical structure of the visuotopic mapping of macaque striate cortex.

Intrinsic Structure of Visual Exemplar and Category Representations in Macaque Brain

Phase I ascending single and multiple dose studies to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of AZD0530, a highly selective, dual-specific Src-Abl inhibitor

fMRI mapping of a morphed continuum of 3D shapes within inferior temporal cortex