Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

The genetic effects of pleistocene ice ages are approached by deduction from paleoenvironmental information, by induction from the genetic structure of populations and species, and by their combination to infer likely consequences. (1) Recent palaeoclimatic information indicate rapid global reversals and changes in ranges of species which would involve elimination with spreading from the edge. Leading edge colonization during a rapid expansion would be leptokurtic and lead to homozygosity and spatial assortment of genomes. In Europe and North America, ice age contractions were into southern refugia, which would promote genome reorganization. (2) The present day genetic structure of species shows frequent geographic subdivision, with parapatric genomes, hybrid zones and suture zones. A survey of recent DNA phylogeographic information supports and extends earlier work. (3) The grasshopperChorthippus parallelusis used to illustrate such data and processes. Its range in Europe is divided on DNA sequences into five parapatric races, with southern genomes showing greater haplotype diversity — probably due to southern mountain blocks acting as refugia and northern expansion reducing diversity. (4) Comparison with other recent studies shows a concordance of such phylogeographic data over pleistocene time scales. (5) The role that ice age range changes may have played in changing adaptations is explored, including the limits of range, rapid change in new invasions and refugial differentiation in a variety of organisms. (6) The effects of these events in causing divergence and speciation are explored usingChorthippusas a paradigm. Repeated contraction and expansion would accumulate genome differences and adaptations, protected from mixing by hybrid zones, and such a composite mode of speciation could apply to many organisms.

https://www.fc.up.pt/mestr_biodiv/aulas/hewitt_1996.pdf

Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation

Understanding where, when and how species’ ranges will be modified is both a fundamental problem and essential to predicting how spatio-temporal environmental changes in abiotic and biotic factors impact biodiversity. Notably, different species may respond disparately to similar environmental changes: some species may overcome an environmental change only with difficulty or not at all, while other species may readily overcome the same change. Ranges may contract, expand or move. The drivers and consequences of this variability in species' responses remain puzzling. Importantly, changes in a species’ range creates feedbacks to the environmental conditions, populations and communities in its previous and current range, rendering population genetic, population dynamic and community processes inextricably linked. Understanding these links is critical in guiding biodiversity management and conservation efforts. This theme issue presents current thinking about the factors and mechanisms that limit and/or modify species' ranges. It also outlines different approaches to detect changes in species’ distributions, and illustrates cases of range modifications in several taxa. Overall, this theme issue highlights the urgency of understanding species' ranges but shows that we are only just beginning to disentangle the processes involved. One way forward is to unite ecology with evolutionary biology and empirical with modelling approaches. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Species’ ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)’.

Introduction to the theme issue ‘Species' ranges in the face of changing environments’

This special issue contains the `Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Supercooled Fluids, Glasses and Amorphous Materials' held in Pisa, Italy, from 27 September to 2 October 1998. This was the second of a series of workshops on this theme started in 1995 as a joint initiative of the University of Pisa and of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. The history of the subject goes back to at least the times of J C Maxwell, whose basic formula has been taken as the symbols of these workshops. The dynamical processes occurring in supercooled fluids and in other disordered materials in non-equilibrium states involve different length and time scales. Fast and ultra-slow molecular rearrangements occur in the presence of microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic organization of the system. These phenomena are of particular relevance in several branches of science, technology and engineering, and their characterization appeals to a variety of experimental techniques and to simulational and theoretical studies. The underlying conceptual unity of the field provides a common ground for the scientific community working in its various areas. As for the earlier workshop on the same theme, the main objective of the Second Workshop was to bring together liquid state physicists, chemists and engineers to comparatively discuss experimental facts and theoretical predictions. The core of the workshop was a set of general lectures followed by more specific presentations on current issues in the main areas of the field. These were covered in sessions sequentially devoted to confined environments, glassy materials, theoretical aspects, viscous flow and microscopic relaxation, computational aspects, heterogeneities and intermediate order, experimental aspects, and polymers. This structure has been preserved in this publication, in which a set of four overviews is followed by twenty-eight topical contributions in the order in which they were presented at the workshop. The volume is opened by an extensive review on recent tests of the mode-coupling theory for glassy dynamics: it is the intent of the Editors that this contribution should help the reader form a well-founded opinion about this much debated theoretical approach. A large majority of the invited speakers have contributed to the present special issue. In conclusion, we wish to acknowledge the generous support given to the Workshop by our institutions of affiliation and the sponsorship and support received from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and its Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia. The Cassa di Risparmio di Pisa hosted the Workshop in the splendid location provided by the Convento delle Benedettine. On behalf of the international scientific community we express our gratitude to all these institutions as well as to those individuals---we mention here in particular Dr Laura Andreozzi, Dr Claudio Donati and Mrs Kirsti Nicotra---who have contributed to making and running the Workshop. Marco Giordano (Università di Pisa) Workshop Chairman Dino Leporini (Università di Pisa) Workshop Scientific Secretary Mario Tosi (Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa) Workshop Chairman

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/183292/1/rstb.2021.0491.pdf

Preface

Godfrey Hewitt - Recipient of 2005 Molecular Ecology Prize: FOREWORD

Transcriptomic resources for evolutionary studies in flat periwinkles and related species: catching the tide

Sexual antagonism is a common hypothesis for driving the evolution of sex chromosomes, whereby recombination suppression is favored between sexually antagonistic loci and the sex‐determining locus to maintain beneficial combinations of alleles. This results in the formation of a sex‐determining region. Chromosomal inversions may contribute to recombination suppression but their precise role in sex chromosome evolution remains unclear. Because local adaptation is frequently facilitated through the suppression of recombination between adaptive loci by chromosomal inversions, there is potential for inversions that cover sex‐determining regions to be involved in local adaptation as well, particularly if habitat variation creates environment‐dependent sexual antagonism. With these processes in mind, we investigated sex determination in a well‐studied example of local adaptation within a species: the intertidal snail, Littorina saxatilis. Using SNP data from a Swedish hybrid zone, we find novel evidence for a female‐heterogametic sex determination system that is restricted to one ecotype. Our results suggest that four putative chromosomal inversions, two previously described and two newly discovered, span the putative sex chromosome pair. We determine their differing associations with sex, which suggest distinct strata of differing ages. The same inversions are found in the second ecotype but do not show any sex association. The striking disparity in inversion‐sex associations between ecotypes that are connected by gene flow across a habitat transition that is just a few meters wide indicates a difference in selective regime that has produced a distinct barrier to the spread of the newly discovered sex‐determining region between ecotypes. Such sex chromosome‐environment interactions have not previously been uncovered in L. saxatilis and are known in few other organisms. A combination of both sex‐specific selection and divergent natural selection is required to explain these highly unusual patterns.

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190027/1/Evolution%20Letters%20-%202022%20-%20Hearn%20-%20Differing%20associations%20between%20sex%20determination%20and%20sex%E2%80%90linked%20inversions%20in%20two.pdf

Roger K. Butlin

Papers

Introduction to the theme issue ‘Species' ranges in the face of changing environments’

Preface

Godfrey Hewitt - Recipient of 2005 Molecular Ecology Prize: FOREWORD

Transcriptomic resources for evolutionary studies in flat periwinkles and related species: catching the tide

Differing associations between sex determination and sex‐linked inversions in two ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis