Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

计量经济分析 = Econometric analysis

The genetic effects of pleistocene ice ages are approached by deduction from paleoenvironmental information, by induction from the genetic structure of populations and species, and by their combination to infer likely consequences. (1) Recent palaeoclimatic information indicate rapid global reversals and changes in ranges of species which would involve elimination with spreading from the edge. Leading edge colonization during a rapid expansion would be leptokurtic and lead to homozygosity and spatial assortment of genomes. In Europe and North America, ice age contractions were into southern refugia, which would promote genome reorganization. (2) The present day genetic structure of species shows frequent geographic subdivision, with parapatric genomes, hybrid zones and suture zones. A survey of recent DNA phylogeographic information supports and extends earlier work. (3) The grasshopperChorthippus parallelusis used to illustrate such data and processes. Its range in Europe is divided on DNA sequences into five parapatric races, with southern genomes showing greater haplotype diversity — probably due to southern mountain blocks acting as refugia and northern expansion reducing diversity. (4) Comparison with other recent studies shows a concordance of such phylogeographic data over pleistocene time scales. (5) The role that ice age range changes may have played in changing adaptations is explored, including the limits of range, rapid change in new invasions and refugial differentiation in a variety of organisms. (6) The effects of these events in causing divergence and speciation are explored usingChorthippusas a paradigm. Repeated contraction and expansion would accumulate genome differences and adaptations, protected from mixing by hybrid zones, and such a composite mode of speciation could apply to many organisms.

https://www.fc.up.pt/mestr_biodiv/aulas/hewitt_1996.pdf

Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation

Selection for assortative mating between parapatric subspecies of grasshopper

Estimating gene flow in endemic butterfly races: the effect of metapopulation dynamics

A model of male dispersal is described which simulates the observed recaptures from a series of mark-release-recapture experiments. The model aims to obtain an unbiased estimate of the dispersal parameter, σ, for males of Yponomeuta padellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Five parameters, each considered to be potentially important in an analysis of the dispersal patterns of Y. padellus, were incorporated into the model. Parameter values were varied individually in a stepwise fashion to create a large number of simulated data sets. The method of maximum likelihood was used to test the goodness of fit of each simulated data set against the observed distribution of recaptures to determine the optimal combination of parameter values. Using these same parameter values, the model was then modified by examining the movement of male moths in the absence of traps to obtain an estimate of σ. The ‘best’ estimate of σ was found to be 2.9 m gen−1/2, with an approximate upper confidence limit of 6.4 m gen−1/2. The results suggest that dispersal in Y. padellus is extremely restricted relative to the area occupied by the total population and that Y. padellus is characterized by an extremely fine-scale population structure.

/pdf/estimates-of-male-dispersal-in-yponomeuta-padellus-4seivp0eke.pdf

Estimates of male dispersal in Yponomeuta padellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), the small ermine moth, by means of simulation

Understanding the course of eco-morphological evolution in adaptive radiations is challenging as the phylogenetic relationships among the species involved are typically difficult to resolve. Newts of the genus Triturus (marbled and crested newts) are a well-studied case: they exhibit substantial variation in the number of trunk vertebrae (NTV) and a higher NTV corresponds to a longer annual aquatic period. Because the Triturus phylogeny is still unresolved, the evolutionary pathway for NTV and annual aquatic period is unclear. To resolve the phylogeny of Triturus, we generate a c. 6,000 transcriptome-derived marker data set using a custom target enrichment probe set, and conduct phylogenetic analyses including: 1) data concatenation with RAxML, 2) gene tree summary with ASTRAL, and 3) species tree estimation with SNAPP. All analyses consistently result in the same, highly supported topology. Our new phylogenetic hypothesis only requires the minimal number of inferred changes in NTV count to explain the NTV radiation observed today. This suggests that, while diversification in body shape allowed ecological expansion in Triturus to encompass an increasingly aquatic life style, body shape evolution was phylogenetically constrained.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/11/06/463752.full.pdf

Phylogenomics of the adaptive radiation of Triturus newts supports gradual ecological niche expansion towards an incrementally aquatic lifestyle

Chromosomal rearrangements can alter the rate and patterns of gene flow within 23 or between species through a reduction in the fitness of chromosomal hybrids or by 24 reducing recombination rates in rearranged areas of the genome. This concept, together 25 with the observation that many species have structural variation in chromosomes, has led to 26 the theory that the rearrangements may play a direct role in promoting speciation. 27 Australian morabine grasshoppers (genus Vandiemenella , viatica species group) are an 28 excellent model for studying the role of chromosomal rearrangement in speciation because 29 they show extensive chromosomal variation, parapatric distribution patterns, and narrow 30 hybrid zones at their boundaries. This species group stimulated development of one of the 31 classic chromosomal speciation models, the stasipatric speciation model proposed by 32 White in 1968. Our population genetic and phylogeographic analyses revealed extensive 33 non-monophyly of chromosomal races along with historical and on-going gene 34 introgression between them. These findings suggest that geographical isolation leading to 35 the fixation of chromosomal variants in different geographic regions, followed by 36 secondary contact, resulted in the present day parapatric distributions of chromosomal 37

Roger K. Butlin

Papers

Selection for assortative mating between parapatric subspecies of grasshopper

Estimating gene flow in endemic butterfly races: the effect of metapopulation dynamics

Estimates of male dispersal in Yponomeuta padellus (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), the small ermine moth, by means of simulation

Phylogenomics of the adaptive radiation of Triturus newts supports gradual ecological niche expansion towards an incrementally aquatic lifestyle

(Vandiemenella, viatica Species Group)