A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

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Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

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Convex Analysisの二,三の進展について

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Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. I. Coherent structures

Streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin formulations for convection dominated flows with particular emphasis on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Fundamental aspects of spectral methods are introduced. Recent developments in spectral methods are reviewed with an emphasis on collocation techniques. Their applications to both compressible and incompressible flows, to viscous as well as inviscid flows, and also to chemically reacting flows are surveyed. The key role that these methods play in the simulation of stability, transition, and turbulence is brought out. A perspective is provided on some of the obstacles that prohibit a wider use of these methods, and how these obstacles are being overcome.

Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics

Contents: General results and concepts on invariant sets and attractors.- Elements of functional analysis.- Attractors of the dissipative evolution equation of the first order in time: reaction-diffusion equations.- Fluid mechanics and pattern formation equations.- Attractors of dissipative wave equations.- Lyapunov exponents and dimensions of attractors.- Explicit bounds on the number of degrees of freedom and the dimension of attractors of some physical systems.- Non-well-posed problems, unstable manifolds. lyapunov functions, and lower bounds on dimensions.- The cone and squeezing properties.- Inertial manifolds.- New chapters: Inertial manifolds and slow manifolds the nonselfadjoint case.

Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics

I. The Steady-State Stokes Equations . 1. Some Function Spaces. 2. Existence and Uniqueness for the Stokes Equations. 3. Discretization of the Stokes Equations (I). 4. Discretization of the Stokes Equations (II). 5. Numerical Algorithms. 6. The Penalty Method. II. The Steady-State Navier-Stokes Equations . 1. Existence and Uniqueness Theorems. 2. Discrete Inequalities and Compactness Theorems. 3. Approximation of the Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations. 4. Bifurcation Theory and Non-Uniqueness Results. III. The Evolution Navier-Stokes Equations . 1. The Linear Case. 2. Compactness Theorems. 3. Existence and Uniqueness Theorems. (n < 4). 4. Alternate Proof of Existence by Semi-Discretization. 5. Discretization of the Navier-Stokes Equations: General Stability and Convergence Theorems. 6. Discretization of the Navier-Stokes Equations: Application of the General Results. 7. Approximation of the Navier-Stokes Equations by the Projection Method. 8. Approximation of the Navier-Stokes Equations by the Artificial Compressibility Method. Appendix I: Properties of the Curl Operator and Application to the Steady-State Navier-Stokes Equations. Appendix II. (by F. Thomasset): Implementation of Non-Conforming Linear Finite Elements. Comments.

Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis

Schiff's base dichloroacetamides having the formula OR2 PARALLEL HCCl2-C-N ANGLE R1 in which R1 is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkyl, alkynyl and alkoxyalkyl; and R2 is selected from the group consisting of alkenyl-1, lower alkylimino, cyclohexenyl-1 and lower alkyl substituted cyclohexenyl-1. The compounds of this invention are useful as herbicidal antidotes.

Navier-Stokes Equations

Preface to the second edition Introduction Part I. Questions Related to the Existence, Uniqueness and Regularity of Solutions: 1. Representation of a Flow: the Navier-Stokes Equations 2. Functional Setting of the Equations 3. Existence and Uniqueness Theorems (Mostly Classical Results) 4. New a priori Estimates and Applications 5. Regularity and Fractional Dimension 6. Successive Regularity and Compatibility Conditions at t=0 (Bounded Case) 7. Analyticity in Time 8. Lagrangian Representation of the Flow Part II. Questions Related to Stationary Solutions and Functional Invariant Sets (Attractors): 9. The Couette-Taylor Experiment 10. Stationary Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations 11. The Squeezing Property 12. Hausdorff Dimension of an Attractor Part III. Questions Related to the Numerical Approximation: 13. Finite Time Approximation 14. Long Time Approximation of the Navier-Stokes Equations Appendix. Inertial Manifolds and Navier-Stokes Equations Comments and Bibliography Comments and Bibliography Update for the Second Edition References.

Navier-Stokes Equations and Nonlinear Functional Analysis

Some questions relating to the large time behavior of the solutions of MHD equations for a viscous incompressible resistive fluid are investigated. The physical system is briefly described and the functional setting of the equations, a flow in a bounded domain or in whole space with a space periodicity property in all directions. The main existence and uniqueness results for weak and strong solutions of the MHD equations are recalled. Regularity properties and bounds on the solutions to the equations which are valid for all time are established and the concept of functional invariant sets is introduced which is contained in the space of smooth functions if the data are sufficiently regular. The squeezing property of the trajectories are stated and it is shown that any functional invariant set for the MHD equations, and in particular any attractor, has a finite Haussdorf dimension. The flow is found to be totally determined for large dimensions by a finite number of parameters. 26 references.

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Roger Temam

Papers

Infinite-Dimensional Dynamical Systems in Mechanics and Physics

Navier-Stokes Equations: Theory and Numerical Analysis

Navier-Stokes Equations

Navier-Stokes Equations and Nonlinear Functional Analysis

Some mathematical questions related to the MHD equations