Towards Lean Production in Industry 4.0

Security-critical real-time applications such as military aircraft flight control systems have mandatory security requirements in addition to stringent timing constraints. Conventional real-time scheduling algorithms, however, either disregard applications' security needs and thus expose the applications to security threats or run applications at inferior security levels without optimizing security performance. In recognition that many applications running on clusters demand both real-time performance and security, we investigate the problem of scheduling a set of independent real-time tasks with various security requirements. We build a security overhead model that can be used to reasonably measure security overheads incurred by the security-critical tasks. Next, we propose a security-aware real-time heuristic strategy for clusters (SAREC), which integrates security requirements into the scheduling for real-time applications on clusters. Further, to evaluate the performance of SAREC, we incorporate the earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling policy into SAREC to implement a novel security-aware real-time scheduling algorithm (SAEDF). Experimental results from both real-world traces and a real application show that SAEDF significantly improves security over three existing scheduling algorithms (EDF, least laxity first, and first come first serve) by up to 266.7 percent while achieving high schedulability.

/pdf/scheduling-security-critical-real-time-applications-on-4iho3ll0wx.pdf

Scheduling security-critical real-time applications on clusters

To investigate the applicability of ARIMA models in wholesale vegetable market models are built taking sales data of one perishable vegetable from Ahmedabad wholesales market in India. It is found that these models can be applied to forecast the demand with Mean Absolute Percentage Error MAPE in the range of 20%. This error is acceptable in fresh produce market where the demand and prices are highly unstable. The model is successfully validated using sales data of another vegetable from the same market. This model can facilitate the farmers and wholesalers in effective decision making.

/pdf/applicability-of-arima-models-in-wholesale-vegetable-market-5a4ugy5i8p.pdf

Applicability of ARIMA Models in Wholesale Vegetable Market: An Investigation

Real-time applications with security requirements are emerging in various areas including government, education, and business. However, conventional real-time scheduling algorithms failed to fulfill the security requirements of real-time applications. In this paper we propose a dynamic real-time scheduling algorithm, or SAREG, which is capable of enhancing quality of security for real-time applications running on Grids. In addition, we present a mathematical model to formally describe a scheduling framework, security-sensitive real-time applications, and security overheads. We leverage the model to measure security overheads incurred by security services, including encryption, authentication, integrity check, etc. The SAREG algorithm seamlessly integrates security requirements into real-time scheduling by employing the security overhead model. To evaluate the effectiveness of SAREG, we conducted extensive simulations using a real world trace from a supercomputing center. Experimental results show that SAREG significantly improves system performance in terms of quality of security and schedulability over three existing scheduling algorithms.

/pdf/enhancing-security-of-real-time-applications-on-grids-1dzb4a3f9g.pdf

Enhancing security of real-time applications on grids through dynamic scheduling

Security requirements of security-critical real-time applications must be met in addition to satisfying timing constraints. However, conventional real-time scheduling algorithms ignore the applications' security requirements. In recognition that an increasing number of applications running on clusters demand both real-time performance and security, we investigate the problem of scheduling a set of independent real-time tasks with various security requirements. We propose a security overhead model that is capable of measuring security overheads incurred by security-critical tasks. Further, we propose a security-aware scheduling strategy, or SAREC, which integrates security requirements into scheduling for real-time applications by employing our security overhead model. To evaluate the effectiveness of SAREC, we implement a security-aware real-time scheduling algorithm (SAREC-EDF), which incorporates the earliest deadline first (EDF) scheduling algorithm into SAREC Extensive simulation experiments show that SAREC-EDF significantly improves overall system performance over three baseline scheduling algorithms (variations of EDF) by up to 72.55%.

/pdf/sarec-a-security-aware-scheduling-strategy-for-real-time-4wlc6heiqd.pdf

SAREC: a security-aware scheduling strategy for real-time applications on clusters

So far, performance measures for real time systems did not receive much attention. An assessment of the few existing benchmarking methods for real time systems will reveal that they are highly inappropriate. Taking a closer look into the fundamental issues of real time systems it will become clear, that for hard real time systems qualitative characteristics are much more important than quantitative measures. The major qualitative performance criteria are compiled. Systems fulfiling the qualitative aspects may then be compared on the basis of costs.

Measuring the Performance of Real-Time Systems

Although the domain of hard real-time systems has been thoroughly elaborated in the academic sphere, embedded computer control systems –- being an important component in mechatronic designs –- are seldom dealt with consistently. Often, off-the-shelf computer systems are used, with no guarantee that they will be able to meet the requirements specified. In this paper, a design for embedded control systems is presented. Particularly, the paper deals with the hardware architecture and design details, the operating system, and high-level real-time language support. It is shown how estimates of process run-times necessary for schedulability analysis can be acquired on the basis of deterministic behavior of the hardware platform.

Implementation of Hard Real-Time Embedded Control Systems

Measuring the Performance of Real Time Systems

This article is focused on a sub domain of quality, namely, quality of service. Considering supply chain management, the authors believe that it is important to distinguish between a quality of product (also service) offered by producers and service providers and a quality of service which is achieved between any supplier and customer, not only a consumer, along a supply chain. Quality of product represents producerâ€™s/service providerâ€™s commitment and is subject of various quality certificates issued by inspection authorities. This research examines the quality of service, which is provided by a supplier to its customer along the supply chain, between any pair of chain elements fulfilling this relation, including the common retailer-consumer relation. The authors introduce measurement points into a consumer-centric supply chain model for the defined criteria and defined the method of their monitoring and overall supply chain quality of service evaluation. Finally, the authors assess the envisaged impact of the results of their measurements on supply chain excellence, providing management with an opportunity to identify weak spots.

Introducing Quality of Service Criteria into Supply Chain Management for Excellence

Performance Metrics for Real-time Systems.- QoS Criteria for Real-time Systems.- QoS-oriented Design and Evaluation of Real-time Systems.- QoS Decision Flowchart for Real-time Systems.- Design of Real-time Systems for QoS.- Design in UML Oriented at QoS.- Certification of Real-time Systems.- Conclusion.

Roman Gumzej

Papers

Measuring the Performance of Real-Time Systems

Implementation of Hard Real-Time Embedded Control Systems

Measuring the Performance of Real Time Systems

Introducing Quality of Service Criteria into Supply Chain Management for Excellence

Real-time Systems' Quality of Service: Introducing Quality of Service Considerations in the Life Cycle of Real-time Systems