This paper reports on glass frit wafer bonding, which is a universally usable technology for wafer level encapsulation and packaging. After explaining the principle and the process flow of glass frit bonding, experimental results are shown. Glass frit bonding technology enables bonding of surface materials commonly used in MEMS technology. It allows hermetic sealing and a high process yield. Metal lead throughs at the bond interface are possible, because of the planarizing glass interlayer. Examples of surface micromachined sensors demonstrate the potential of glass-frit bonding.

Glass frit bonding : An universal technology for wafer level encapsulation and packaging

This work presents a novel barrier thin film based on an organic–inorganic nanolaminate, which consists of alternating nanolayers of self-assembled organic layers (SAOLs) and Al2O3. The SAOLs-Al2O3 nanolaminated films were deposited using a combination of molecular layer deposition and atomic layer deposition techniques at 80 °C. Modulation of the relative thickness ratio of the SAOLs and Al2O3 enabled control over the elastic modulus and stress in the films. Furthermore, the SAOLs-Al2O3 thin film achieved a high degree of mechanical flexibility, excellent transmittance (>95%), and an ultralow water-vapor transmission rate (2.99 × 10–7 g m–2 day–1), which represents one of the lowest permeability levels ever achieved by thin film encapsulation. On the basis of its outstanding barrier properties with high flexibility and transparency, the nanolaminated film was applied to a commercial OLEDs panel as a gas-diffusion barrier film. The results showed defect propagation could be significantly inhibited by inco...

Extremely High Barrier Performance of Organic-Inorganic Nanolaminated Thin Films for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

Currently, different types of materials are being used for solar cell applications, these vary according to the device’s requirements. In recent years, the main purposes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) study are, to obtain a longer useful lifetime and high conversion efficiencies, compared to existing devices in solar cell market. Consequently, this paper provides a status review on DSSCs general information, such as physic-chemical characteristics, modeling, simulation studies, text mining and applications. At the same time, this review deals with operation principles and manufacturing issues, because these are aspects affecting both the performance and device stability. In addition, the last challenges developed in each layer of DSSCs are shown, which have been presented to try covering the necessary requirements that will allow the competitiveness and commercialization of these types of devices. Finally, some industrial applications achieved in obtaining energy through DSSCs are described, as well as the types of companies today have used and improved them.

Recent advances in dye-sensitized solar cells

Jointing materials is an inevitable step in the fabrication of many high performance optical devices. Today there is an increasing demand, both from industry and academic research, for reliable techniques for jointing of optical components which can be performed simply and inexpensively, where the bonds possess high strength and precision with low mechanical loss.

Several methods of bonding have been defined and employed over time. Currently, the most common techniques of bonding are optical contacting, diffusion, epoxy and glass frit. Each of these techniques has positive aspects which make them appropriate for a range of applications, but not ideal in cases where a thin optically transparent and mechanically strong joint between optical compounds is required. Hydroxide-catalysis bonding is an interesting candidate in such cases: it has already been demonstrated to have excellent performance with respect to mechanical stability, precision and strength in numerous applications, such as in space systems, optics and gravitational wave detectors.

At present, there are not many papers that talk exhaustively about the optical properties of hydroxide-catalysis bonding. Most of the time, the published results are closely dependent on requirements imposed by the experiment that is being conducted. Since there are a lot of interesting potential applications and increasing industrial interest in usage of hydroxide-catalysis bonding, it is important to develop techniques to characterise the optical properties of these bonds.

In this thesis, a non-destructive technique for measuring the optical properties of hydroxide-catalysis bonding is reported. More specifically, the bond refractive index and thickness are determined from reflectivity measurements. By applying this method, it will be possible to understand how the optical properties and chemistry of a hydroxide-catalysis bond vary when different bonding solutions and substrate materials are used and, consequently, to tailor better the bonds to various utilisations of interest.

Sodium silicate solution at different concentrations with water and potassium hydroxide solution are used to bond fused silica and sapphire substrates. Curing at room temperature and at 100 °C for eight hours is chosen to study the influence of temperature on the properties of a hydroxide-catalysis bond. It was found that the bond optical reflectivities are less than 1% for fused silica samples and less than 10% for sapphire samples and they decrease over time. Bond refractive indices start from a value close to the refractive index of water and approach the refractive index of fused silica as the cure proceeds. Bond thicknesses cured at room temperature decrease over time plateauing at a more or less constant value, different for each case studied (about a few hundred nanometres), whereas bond thicknesses cured at high temperature seem to increase over time (less than about 400 nanometres).

Studies of some properties of hydroxide-catalysis bonds

Silicate glass-to-glass hermetic bonding for encapsulation of next-generation optoelectronics: a review

A novel sealing method is proposed for encapsulating devices comprised of glass substrates. This sealing method is based on applying a glass frit paste cord onto the substrate and then using a laser beam to locally supply the necessary energy to allow the formation of a hermetic bonding layer. A detailed description of the laser bonding technique, the necessary equipment and method, and a preliminary study is carried out. The need to apply mechanical pressure during the bonding step is averted, thus facilitating the manufacturing process. The glass bonding cord obtained by the laser-assisted process was found to have an excellent contact with both substrates and no gas inclusions or voids were detected, indicating that an effective sealing was achieved. Preliminary hermeticity tests of the laser-bonded cells yielded encouraging results. The developed laser-assisted glass frit bonding process is a promising technique for obtaining hermetic sealing of photoelectronic and electrochemical devices, as it allows temperature-sensitive materials to be used inside them.

Glass–Glass Laser-Assisted Glass Frit Bonding

The purpose of this research is to discover role of the school director in elevating teacher  performance in primary school fillial grade 1o e 2o Ai-mutin, Comoro. Here, researcher chosen 9 informan that composed of director, teachers, the counsel of the parents and students. This research is qualitative opproach that is why, need a observation and interviewed as way to collect the data.based on the result discovered 6 essential points such as: (1) school diretor became the leader that continuely motivated teachers to increase the quality and willingness of the also become the guider and educator according to the system and the role that applied; (2) role of the school director ato elevate teachers service prestation through evaluation services performance each semestre; (3)  School director has many ways to solve and to attend the problems that happen in the school area, by coordinating and transparancy with all the teacher; (4) school diretor become educator needs various approach to teach the studants; (5) School director as evaluators needs give mark to the students and motivated students to study more, (6) School diretor encourage teachers to do effective duties. Thus, this result suggested to each school director and teams to encourage and motivate in learning and teaching process. Keyword: role, directors, teachers, performance

https://iscjournal.com/index.php/isce/article/download/80/73

Role of the school director eskola to elevate teachers performance in primary filial school grade i & ii

The article aims to analyse the characteristics and trends of productions about financing education in thesis and dissertations produced in the programs of post-graduation in Education of Brazilian Northeast federal universities from 2002 to 2017. The work is part of the set of review studies that map and analyse the academic production. With a quanti-qualitative approach, the research results from documental and bibliographic studies which corpus were the thesis and dissertations collected, exclusively, in the Institutional Repositories of the post-graduation programs in the nine federal universities education of the Brazilian Northeast, localized in Maranhão (UFMA), Piauí (UFPI), Ceará (UFC), Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Paraíba (UFPB), Pernambuco (UFPE), Alagoas (UFAL), Sergipe (UFS) and Bahia (UFBA). The analysis of the works made it possible to verify the prevalence of dissertations, the intensification of production on the theme, especially from 2010 onwards, and a preference for themes that bring Fundef / Fundeb as a background. In the studies set about financing education, standed out three institutions (UFPI, UFRN and UFPE) that together accounted for more than half of the researches analyzed, revealing the consolidation of the theme and of advisors in the graduate programs of these institutions.The study also concluded that there is growing interest in the thematic focus of the article and that there is a need for further studies on the financing of specific stages or modalities of basic and higher education, as well as review studies that contribute to expanding knowledge about policies that materially assure the educational offer in Northeast Brazil.

Rosa da Cruz

Papers

Glass–Glass Laser-Assisted Glass Frit Bonding

Role of the school director eskola to elevate teachers performance in primary filial school grade i & ii

Financing education in thesis and dissertations in Brazilian Northeast: a review study