This book explores whether the world economy is breaking up into regional trading and currency blocs centred on the European Community, Japan and the United States. Frankel uses trade, investment and financial data to assess this issue. He concludes with an analysis of how trends in regional economic integration can be used as building blocks for a stronger multilateral system.

Regional Trading Blocs in the world economic system, reseñado por Antonio Ortiz-Mena L.N.

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an essential part in our approach to control pain in the posttraumatic setting. Over the last decades, several studies suggested that NSAIDs interfere with bone healing while others contradict these findings. Although their analgesic potency is well proven, clinicians remain puzzled over the potential safety issues. We have systematically reviewed the available literature, analyzing and presenting the available in vitro animal and clinical studies on this field. Our comprehensive review reveals the great diversity of the presented data in all groups of studies. Animal and in vitro studies present so conflicting data that even studies with identical parameters have opposing results. Basic science research defining the exact mechanism with which NSAIDs could interfere with bone cells and also the conduction of well-randomized prospective clinical trials are warranted. In the absence of robust clinical or scientific evidence, clinicians should treat NSAIDs as a risk factor for bone healing impairment, and their administration should be avoided in high-risk patients.

/pdf/do-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-affect-bone-healing-1fepk9koso.pdf

Do Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Affect Bone Healing? A Critical Analysis

Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, have been long postulated to detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli and to coordinate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The discovery that the inhibitor of bone formation sclerostin is primarily expressed in osteocytes in bone and downregulated by anabolic stimuli provided a mechanism by which osteocytes influence the activity of osteoblasts. Advances of the last few years provided experimental evidence demonstrating that osteocytes also participate in the recruitment of osteoclasts and the initiation of bone remodeling. Apoptotic osteocytes trigger yet-to-be-identified signals that attract osteoclast precursors to specific areas of bone, which in turn differentiate to mature, bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes are also the source of molecules that regulate the generation and activity of osteoclasts, such as OPG and RANKL; and genetic manipulations of the mouse genome leading to loss or gain of function or to altered expression of either molecule in osteocytes markedly affect bone resorption. This review highlights these investigations and discusses how the novel concept of osteocyte-driven bone resorption and formation impacts our understanding of the mechanisms by which current therapies control bone remodeling.

Osteocyte-Driven Bone Remodeling

Dental implants in the medically compromised patient.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet rich plasma with and without autogenous bone graft in the bone repair of surgical defects in rabbit tibias. Materials and Methods: In this research, 25 adult male rabbits were used. Two defects have been performed in each tibia, divided into four groups: control (C = defect naturally left to heal by clot formation), autogenous (A = bone defect + autogenous graft), PRP (PRP = bone defect + PRP) and autogenous + PRP (PRPA = bone defect + autogenous graft + PRP). All the defects were covered with a dPTFE membrane. Five other animals were sacrificed at 15, 30, and 60-day postoperatively. The pieces containing the defects were processed for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Other five animals were sacrificed after 30 and 60 days and submitted to biomechanical analysis, and all the specimens were sent to the radiographic evaluation of optical density. Results: The biomechanical, radiographic, and histomorphometric results showed larger resistance, optical density, and improving bone formation in the groups A and PRPA when compared with the groups C and PRP. Conclusion: This study showed there was not an improvement in the radiographic, mechanical, and bone formation parameters when PRP was used individually or associated to the autogenous bone graft.

/pdf/histomorphometric-radiographic-and-biomechanical-analyses-of-56xqou6tov.pdf

Histomorphometric, radiographic and biomechanical analyses of platelet rich plasma associated with autogenous bone graft

AVALIAÇÃO DA PERDA ÓSSEA PERIODONTAL EM RATOS POR MEIO DOS MÉTODOS RADIOGRÁFICO E MORFOMÉTRICOof periodontal bone loss in rats for radiographic and morphometric methods

A presença de Candida na cavidade bucal e seu período de ocorrência podem estar ligados a vários fatores como infecção ao nascer ou a possibilidade de doença mamária na nutriz (MACDONALD, 1995; SAUNDERS, 1997). O recém-nascido, principalmente de muito baixo peso (RNMBP), é muito suscetível ao desenvolvimento da doença disseminada (BALEY, 1991; PADOVANI et al., 1997 ; KOSSOF et al., 1998). Os principais fatores de risco para candidose bucal citados na literatura incluem prematuridade, muito baixo peso ao nascimento, colonização fúngica, presença de catéteres intravasculares associados à nutrição parenteral, ventilação mecânica e antibioticoterapia de amplo espectro (BALEY, 1991; BIRENBAUM & SANTOS, 1989). Outras fontes de Candida spp. para os recémnascidos, são os dedos das enfermeiras, berçários, mamadeiras e chupetas infectadas, pele materna, ar e água. A candidose distribui-se pela mucosa bucal, palato e dorso da língua. Os sintomas em geral são moderados, com sensação de queimação e gosto ruim e podem persistir por muitos meses se não tratada adequadamente (BUDTZ-JÖRGENSEN, Avaliação de fatores predisponentes à candidose bucal em recém-nascidos

Avaliação de fatores predisponentes à candidose bucal em recém-nascidos Evaluation of the predisposing factors to oral candidosis in newborns

This research proposes to study sodium alendronate effect on bone repair of ovarectomized rats. Thirty-six adult rats were ovariectomized and distributed in four groups, with nine rats in each group. A surgical defect was performed in one tibia of each animal. The control group received only water "ad libitum" and the three experimental groups received sodium alendronate diluted in the drinking water in the doses of 0.25 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/kg e 0.75 mg/kg, respectively. Three animals of each group were sacrificed after three, seven and 14 days. The histhologic analysis of the tibia material showed a more marked bone deposition in the groups treated with higher doses of sodium alendronate. The most mature bone repair process was observed in the 14-days/0.5 mg/kg group, with bone spindles and remodeling in a higher degree of development, showing a dose-dependency regarding sodium alendronate.

Evaluation of sodium alendronate activity on bone repair under hormones absence

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rofecoxib on bone repair process in tibiae of rats by means of analysis of gray levels acquired by digital optical density. Ten Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: an untreated control group and a group treated with rofecoxib. The experimental procedures comprised the following stages: general anesthesia, preparation of unicortical bone defect on the left tibiae of each rat, medication with rofecoxib and radiographic examination. Digital radiographic images were taken using Visualix GX-S-HDITM digital sensor, an X-ray equipment. Radiographics were taken at baseline, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days postoperatively and the gray levels were evaluated using the Vix winTM 1.4 system of the region of interest (ROI). The mean values of ROI readings were analyzed statistically by repeated measures ANOVA with significance level of 5%. There were no statistically significant differences among gray levels between rofecoxib and control groups (p=0.2429), but there were statistically significant differences between times baseline, 7, 14, 21 and 30 in both groups (p=0001). The findings of this study suggest that no influence was found when rofecoxib was used in bone tibiae repair after 30 days post-treatment.

Rosilene Fernandes da Rocha

Papers

Histomorphometric, radiographic and biomechanical analyses of platelet rich plasma associated with autogenous bone graft

AVALIAÇÃO DA PERDA ÓSSEA PERIODONTAL EM RATOS POR MEIO DOS MÉTODOS RADIOGRÁFICO E MORFOMÉTRICOof periodontal bone loss in rats for radiographic and morphometric methods

Avaliação de fatores predisponentes à candidose bucal em recém-nascidos Evaluation of the predisposing factors to oral candidosis in newborns

Evaluation of sodium alendronate activity on bone repair under hormones absence

Evaluation of optical density of rats tibiae bone repair treated with rofecoxib. Pilot study