This book explores whether the world economy is breaking up into regional trading and currency blocs centred on the European Community, Japan and the United States. Frankel uses trade, investment and financial data to assess this issue. He concludes with an analysis of how trends in regional economic integration can be used as building blocks for a stronger multilateral system.

Regional Trading Blocs in the world economic system, reseñado por Antonio Ortiz-Mena L.N.

Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings of a human being whose nature is fraught with all kinds of imperfection and de‹ciency. Thus the duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself the enemy of all that he reads, and, applying his mind to the core and margins of its content, attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency. (Ibn al-Haytham)1

국제정치이론 = Theory of international politics

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an essential part in our approach to control pain in the posttraumatic setting. Over the last decades, several studies suggested that NSAIDs interfere with bone healing while others contradict these findings. Although their analgesic potency is well proven, clinicians remain puzzled over the potential safety issues. We have systematically reviewed the available literature, analyzing and presenting the available in vitro animal and clinical studies on this field. Our comprehensive review reveals the great diversity of the presented data in all groups of studies. Animal and in vitro studies present so conflicting data that even studies with identical parameters have opposing results. Basic science research defining the exact mechanism with which NSAIDs could interfere with bone cells and also the conduction of well-randomized prospective clinical trials are warranted. In the absence of robust clinical or scientific evidence, clinicians should treat NSAIDs as a risk factor for bone healing impairment, and their administration should be avoided in high-risk patients.

/pdf/do-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-affect-bone-healing-1fepk9koso.pdf

Do Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Affect Bone Healing? A Critical Analysis

Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, have been long postulated to detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli and to coordinate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The discovery that the inhibitor of bone formation sclerostin is primarily expressed in osteocytes in bone and downregulated by anabolic stimuli provided a mechanism by which osteocytes influence the activity of osteoblasts. Advances of the last few years provided experimental evidence demonstrating that osteocytes also participate in the recruitment of osteoclasts and the initiation of bone remodeling. Apoptotic osteocytes trigger yet-to-be-identified signals that attract osteoclast precursors to specific areas of bone, which in turn differentiate to mature, bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes are also the source of molecules that regulate the generation and activity of osteoclasts, such as OPG and RANKL; and genetic manipulations of the mouse genome leading to loss or gain of function or to altered expression of either molecule in osteocytes markedly affect bone resorption. This review highlights these investigations and discusses how the novel concept of osteocyte-driven bone resorption and formation impacts our understanding of the mechanisms by which current therapies control bone remodeling.

Osteocyte-Driven Bone Remodeling

Dental implants in the medically compromised patient.

Aim: To evaluate histometrically the effect of low and high caloric value of ethanol on ligatureinduced bone loss in female rats. Methods: Sixty female rats were divided into five groups of 12 animals each: Normal Control (water), Test A (low ethanol), Control A (low iso), Test B (high ethanol) and Control B (high iso). Control Groups A and B received diets with the same amount of calories consumed by Test Groups A and B, respectively, with ethanol replaced by isocaloric amounts of carbohydrate. Four weeks prior to the end of the experimental period, half of the rats in each group were randomly assigned to receive a ligature on mandibular molar, whereas the other half of group was left unligated. At 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically measured in five sections per specimen (mm²). Results: Ethanol intake did not have effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth (p>0.05). However, in ligature-induced periodontitis, high value of calories associated with ethanol feeding enhanced the area of bone loss (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that a low-ethanol diet did not affect the periodontium, while a high-ethanol diet may aggravate the progression of periodontitis, as demonstrated by the increased furcation region bone destruction in periodontal disease.

/pdf/effects-of-alcohol-intake-in-periodontitis-progression-in-ukrjriuac2.pdf

Effects of alcohol intake in periodontitis progression in female rats: a histometric study

A candidose bucal e um dos processos infecciosos micoticos mais comuns da cavidade bucal e existe suscetibilidade aumentada para o mesmo durante o periodo neonatal principalmente devido a imaturidade dos mecanismos de defesa e a falta de um microbiota bucal balanceada. Para verificar a presenca de Candida spp. na cavidade bucal de lactentes foram examinados inicialmente cem bebes, nos quais foi feita coleta de material do dorso da lingua com swab nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Trinta e tres recem-nascidos deste grupo foram acompanhados durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida e foram realizadas coletas mensais de material da cavidade bucal. A analise do material obtido nesse periodo mostrou positividade para Candida spp. em 64 (48,5%) das 132 amostras. A Candidose foi observada em 27,3% dos recem-nascidos acompanhados. Candida albicans foi a especie encontrada mais frequentemente (44,6%), e esteve presente em nove dos 11 casos de candidose bucal, sendo a especie prevalente nesta faixa etaria.

Presença de Candida spp. na cavidade bucal de lactentes durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida Presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of infants during the first four months of life

/pdf/presenca-de-candida-spp-na-cavidade-bucal-de-lactentes-4fupej1d9x.pdf

Presença de Candida spp. na cavidade bucal de lactentes durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida

The aim of this study was to study the effects of metronidazole on the establishment of oral candidosis and Candida albicans colonization in the oral cavity of rats. Forty-eight male rats, negative for yeasts in the oral cavity, were used in the study. The rats were inoculated with a suspension of Candida albicans and treated with metronidazole or plain water (control group). The rats of the candidosis experimental group were sacrificed 7, 15, or 30 days after inoculation and their tongues were analyzed by light microscopy. Colonization by Candida albicans was evaluated 1, 2, 5 and 7 days after inoculation and progressively at 15-day intervals, with a total of 18 collections. The results demonstrated the development of candidosis on the tongue dorsum was similar between the Control and Metronidazole groups for each sacrifice period. However, the colonization results showed that yeasts were recovered in the Metronidazole group in greater numbers than in the Control group after the 37 th day of the experiment (6 th collection). According this, the long term metronidazole therapy favored the colonization of C. albicans in the oral cavity of rats.

/pdf/the-role-of-metronidazole-on-the-establishment-and-l5hgh52881.pdf

Rosilene Fernandes da Rocha

Papers

Effects of alcohol intake in periodontitis progression in female rats: a histometric study

Presença de Candida spp. na cavidade bucal de lactentes durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida Presence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of infants during the first four months of life

Presença de Candida spp. na cavidade bucal de lactentes durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida

The role of metronidazole on the establishment and persistence of oral candidosis

Homeopathic treatment for bone regeneration: experimental study.