Showing papers by "Roy Thurik published in 2001"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a first step identifying and articulating the differences between the entrepreneurial and the managed economies by contrasting the most fundamental elements of the newly emerging entrepreneurial economy with those of the managed economy.
Abstract: textThe purpose of this paper is to document the fundamental shift that is taking place in OECD countries. This shift is from the managed economy to the entrepreneurial economy. While politicians and policy makers have made a plea for guidance in the era of entrepreneurship, scholars have been slow to respond. This paper attempts to make a first step identifying and articulating these differences. We do this by contrasting the most fundamental elements of the newly emerging entrepreneurial economy with those of the managed economy. We identify fourteen trade-offs confronting these two polar worlds. The common thread throughout these trade-offs is the increased role of new and small enterprises in the entrepreneurial economy. A particular emphasis is placed on changes in economic policy demanded by the entrepreneurial economy vis-?-vis the managed economy.
946 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that female entrepreneurs have a smaller amount of start-up capital, but that they do not differ significantly with respect to the type of capital they had access to, and that the proportion of equity and debt capital in the businesses of female entrepreneurs is the same as in those of their male counterparts.
Abstract: Female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they finance their businesses. This difference can be attributed to the type of business and the type of management and experience of the entrepreneur (indirect effect). Female start-ups may also experience specific barriers when trying to acquire start-up capital. These may be based upon discriminatory effects (direct effect). Whether gender has an impact on size and composition of start-up capital and in what way, is the subject of the present paper. The indirect effect is represented by the way women differ from men in terms of type of business and management and experience. The direct effect cannot be attributed to these differences and is called the gender effect. We use of a panel of 2000 Dutch starting entrepreneurs, of whom approximately 500 are female to test for these direct and indirect effects. The panel refers to the year 1994. We find that female entrepreneurs have a smaller amount of start-up capital, but that they do not differ significantly with respect to the type of capital. On average the proportion of equity and debt capital (bank loans) in the businesses of female entrepreneurs is the same as in those of their male counterparts.
640 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a link between the degree of entrepreneurial activity in a country and the growth performance and provide two distinct approaches, based on two different measures of entrepreneurship.
Abstract: This paper provides a link between the degree of entrepreneurial activity in a country and the growth performance. While a recent wave of empirical evidence suggests that the extent to which countries have shifted towards an increased role of entrepreneurship varies considerably across countries, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of lagging behind in this process. Do countries that have shifted towards a greater role for entrepreneurship enjoy greater growth? This question is crucial to policy makers, because if the opportunity cost, measured in terms of forgone growth, of a slow adjustment towards a greater role for entrepreneurship is relatively low, the consequences of not engaging in a rapid adjustment process are relatively trivial. However, if the opportunity cost is high, the consequences are more alarming. This paper offers two distinct approaches, based on two different measures of entrepreneurship – the relative share of economic activity accounted for by ...
327 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to reconcile the ambiguities found in the relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship by introducing a two equation model where changes in unemployment and in the number of business owners are linked to subsequent changes in those variables for a panel of 23 OECD countries over the period 1974-1998.
Abstract: textThe relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship has been shrouded with ambiguity. There is assumed to be a two-way causation between changes in the level of entrepreneurship and that of unemployment-- a "Schumpeter" effect of entrepreneurship reducing unemployment and a "refugee" or "shopkeeper" effect of unemployment stimulating entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to try to reconcile the ambiguities found in the relationship between unemployment and entrepreneurship. We do this by introducing a two equation model where changes in unemployment and in the number of business owners are linked to subsequent changes in those variables for a panel of 23 OECD countries over the period 1974-1998. The existence of two distinct and separate relationships between unemployment and entrepreneurship is identified including significant "Schumpeter" and "refugee" effects.
133 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model in which het niveau van ondernemerschap can verklaard worden door onderscheid te maken in aanbodzijde (arbeidsmarkt).
Abstract: Analyse van de factoren (bijv. economische en sociale) die het niveau van ondernemerschap bepalen. Het niveau van ondernemerschap kan verklaard worden door onderscheid te maken in aanbodzijde (arbeidsmarkt) en vraagzijde (productmarkt) en de invloed van overheidsmaatregelen op ondernemerschap. Het ontwikkelde model kan gebruikt worden om de verschillen in ondernemerschap in tijd en plaats te verklaren.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine whether the ability to deviate from the industry standards practiced by the incumbent firms promotes the viability of small and new firms and conclude that wage flexibility can be an instrument of competition policy in a dynamic context.
49 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal study was set up in which 330 nascent entrepreneurs were followed over a one-year period, and after one year, 47% actually started a business, 27% was still organizing, and 26% gave up the effort.
Abstract: Why does one person actually succeed in starting a business, while a second gives up, and a third is still trying? To answer this question, a longitudinal study was set up in which 330 nascent entrepreneurs (people setting up a business) were followed over a one-year period. After one year, 47% actually started a business, 27% was still organizing, and 26% gave up the effort. In comparison to the two other groups, starters are different in terms of gender, industry experience, start-up capital, use of third party loans, sector and current activity.
24 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that since the 1970s the world has changed considerably, and that this change has had consequences for the current policy debate on the determinants of economic growth.
Abstract: The aim of the present short paper is to show that since the 1970s the world has changed considerably, and that this change has had consequences for the current policy debate on the determinants of economic growth. Our paper deals with some aspects of the recent scientific literature on the relation between entrepreneurship and small business, on the one hand, and economic growth, on the other. In particular, it gives a summary of some work of the EIM/CASBEC research group in the Netherlands. It refers to scientific analyses showing that countries that are lagging behind in the process of restructuring will pay a penalty in terms of forgone growth. It also pays attention to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), a new and large multinational project focusing on the collection and analysis of internationally comparable data on the rate of entrepreneurial activity.
18 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a longitudinal study was set up in which 330 nascent entrepreneurs were followed over a one-year period, and after one year, 47% actually started a business, 27% was still organizing, and 26% gave up the effort.
Abstract: textWhy does one person actually succeed in starting a business, while a second gives up, and a third is still trying? To answer this question, a longitudinal study was set up in which 330 nascent entrepreneurs (people setting up a business) were followed over a one-year period. After one year, 47% actually started a business, 27% was still organizing, and 26% gave up the effort. In comparison to the two other groups, starters are different in terms of gender, industry experience, start-up capital, use of third party loans, sector and current activity.
13 citations
Posted Content•
01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that since the 1970s the world has changed considerably, and that this change has had consequences for the current policy debate on the determinants of economic growth.
Abstract: textThe aim of the present short paper is to show that since the 1970s the world has changed considerably, and that this change has had consequences for the current policy debate on the determinants of economic growth. Our paper deals with some aspects of the recent scientific literature on the relation between entrepreneurship and small business, on the one hand, and economic growth, on the other. In particular, it gives a summary of some work of the EIM/CASBEC research group in the Netherlands. It refers to scientific analyses showing that countries that are lagging behind in the process of restructuring will pay a penalty in terms of forgone growth. It also pays attention to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), a new and large multinational project focusing on the collection and analysis of internationally comparable data on the rate of entrepreneurial activity.
1 citations