Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999). Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of triangulation: (a) method triangulation, (b) investigator triangulation, (c) theory triangulation, and (d) data source triangulation. The current article will present the four types of triangulation followed by a discussion of the use of focus groups (FGs) and in-depth individual (IDI) interviews as an example of data source triangulation in qualitative inquiry.

The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research

http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/focus-groups-as-qualitative-research-by-morgan-david-l-11476.pdf

Focus groups as qualitative research / by Morgan, David L.

From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches.

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables. The Authors. Series Foreword. Acknowledgements. Glossary. Introduction. 1. Interprofessional teamwork the basics. 2. Current developments affecting interprofessional teamwork. 3. Interprofessional teamwork: key concepts and issues. 4. A conceptual framework for interprofessional teamwork. 5. Using theory to better understand interprofessional teamwork. 6. Interprofessional teamwork interventions. 7. Evaluating interprofessional teamwork. 8. Synthesising studies of interprofessional teamwork. 9. Ways forward. References. Appendices. Index.

Interprofessional Teamwork for Health and Social Care

Introduction Reflexivity is a curious term with various meanings. Finding a definition of reflexivity that demonstrates what it means and how it is achieved is difficult (Colbourne and Sque 2004). Moreover, writings on reflexivity have not been transparent in terms of the difficulties, practicalities and methods of the process (Mauthner and Doucet 2003). Nevertheless, it is argued that an attempt be made to gain ‘some kind of intellectual handle’ on reflexivity in order to make use of it as a guiding standard (Freshwater and Rolfe 2001). The role of reflexivity in the many and varied qualitative methodologies is significant. It is therefore a concept of particular relevance to nursing as qualitative methodologies play a principal function in nursing enquiry. Reflexivity assumes a pivotal role in feminist research (King 1994). It is also paramount in participatory action research (Robertson 2000), ethnographies, and hermeneutic and post-structural approaches (Koch and Harrington 1998). Furthermore, it plays an integral part in medical case study research reflexivity epistemological critical feminist ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ k e y w o rd s

Approaches to reflexivity in qualitative research.

Family carers' opinions on learning disability services

Background People with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of abuse which may not always be responded to appropriately. This study therefore sought to explore how nurses and social workers make decisions when safeguarding adults with intellectual disabilities. Method A situational analysis grounded theory study. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with social workers (n = 16) and community nurses (n = 9) working in Community Learning (Intellectual) Disability Teams in Wales. Data were transcribed and analysed thematically and cartographically in keeping with situational analysis. Results Four key themes emerged: The official line; Expectation and perception; Non-vulnerable adult process options; Confidence and competence. Sites of silence were also identified: not making a decision, not asking further questions, preserving family relationships and the individual with intellectual disabilities. Conclusion Decision making in relation to safeguarding adults with intellectual disabilities is a complex process, influenced by many factors and in which discretion is exercised by professionals.

Exploring Professional Decision Making in Relation to Safeguarding: A Grounded Theory Study of Social Workers and Community Nurses in Community Learning (Intellectual) Disability Teams in Wales.

Developing resilience or challenging harm

It’s everybody’s business

There is limited research that explores the experiences of how behavioural specialists actively involve people with a learning disability and challenging behaviour in the development of their positive behavioural support (PBS) plan. Accordingly, this exploratory research study aimed to explore this little understood area of practice.Methods:The study included semi-structured interviews comprised of nine Behavioural Specialists in three focus groups across two health boards. A descriptive thematic analysis study.Findings:Three major themes and 11 minor themes were identified illustrating how people with learning disabilities and behaviours that challenge were involved in developing their PBS plan. Significantly, the themes illustrated the complexity of truly involving service users in the process.Conclusion:Inclusion of people with a learning disability and behaviours that challenge in their PBS plan poses significant challenges. Person-centred care struggles to be truly embedded in the PBS model.

Ruth Northway

Papers

Family carers' opinions on learning disability services

Exploring Professional Decision Making in Relation to Safeguarding: A Grounded Theory Study of Social Workers and Community Nurses in Community Learning (Intellectual) Disability Teams in Wales.

Developing resilience or challenging harm

It’s everybody’s business

An exploratory study of Behavioural Specialist experiences of involving service users in the development of their positive behavioural support plans.