Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999). Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of triangulation: (a) method triangulation, (b) investigator triangulation, (c) theory triangulation, and (d) data source triangulation. The current article will present the four types of triangulation followed by a discussion of the use of focus groups (FGs) and in-depth individual (IDI) interviews as an example of data source triangulation in qualitative inquiry.

The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Research

http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/downloadpdf.php/buku/focus-groups-as-qualitative-research-by-morgan-david-l-11476.pdf

Focus groups as qualitative research / by Morgan, David L.

From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches.

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables. The Authors. Series Foreword. Acknowledgements. Glossary. Introduction. 1. Interprofessional teamwork the basics. 2. Current developments affecting interprofessional teamwork. 3. Interprofessional teamwork: key concepts and issues. 4. A conceptual framework for interprofessional teamwork. 5. Using theory to better understand interprofessional teamwork. 6. Interprofessional teamwork interventions. 7. Evaluating interprofessional teamwork. 8. Synthesising studies of interprofessional teamwork. 9. Ways forward. References. Appendices. Index.

Interprofessional Teamwork for Health and Social Care

Introduction Reflexivity is a curious term with various meanings. Finding a definition of reflexivity that demonstrates what it means and how it is achieved is difficult (Colbourne and Sque 2004). Moreover, writings on reflexivity have not been transparent in terms of the difficulties, practicalities and methods of the process (Mauthner and Doucet 2003). Nevertheless, it is argued that an attempt be made to gain ‘some kind of intellectual handle’ on reflexivity in order to make use of it as a guiding standard (Freshwater and Rolfe 2001). The role of reflexivity in the many and varied qualitative methodologies is significant. It is therefore a concept of particular relevance to nursing as qualitative methodologies play a principal function in nursing enquiry. Reflexivity assumes a pivotal role in feminist research (King 1994). It is also paramount in participatory action research (Robertson 2000), ethnographies, and hermeneutic and post-structural approaches (Koch and Harrington 1998). Furthermore, it plays an integral part in medical case study research reflexivity epistemological critical feminist ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ k e y w o rd s

Approaches to reflexivity in qualitative research.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1744629515607140

The importance of family

This paper offers a critical examination of how the concept of Quality of Life might be used to enhance learning disability nursing practice. Quality of Life will increasingly influence the provision and evaluation of services and practice in the field of learning disability. Attempting to define and assess Quality of Life is, however, problematic because of the complexity and multidimensional nature of the concept. The use of domains to measure Quality of Life is advocated by many researchers for both objective and subjective measures and use of Quality of Life as an evaluation tool is seen as a way of improving the life quality of people with learning disabilities. However, there are concerns that the use of such an approach could perpetuate professional agendas rather than empower people with learning disabilities themselves. To date, Quality of Life approaches have not had a major impact on learning disability nursing. However, it is suggested that they can be helpful as sensitizing concepts, a basis for collaborative care planning and a framework for evaluation. Recommendations are made for education, practice and research.

Quality of life as a concept for developing learning disability nursing practice

Background
The need for structured education programmes for type 2 diabetes is a high priority for many governments around the world. One such national education programme in the United Kingdom is the DESMOND Programme, which has been shown to be robust and effective for patients in general. However, these programmes are not generally targeted to people with intellectual disabilities (ID), and robust evidence on their effects for this population is lacking. We have adapted the DESMOND Programme for people with ID and type 2 diabetes to produce an amended programme known as DESMOND-ID.

This protocol is for a pilot trial to determine whether a large-scale randomised trial is feasible, to test if DESMOND-ID is more effective than usual care in adults with ID for self-management of their type 2 diabetes, in particular as a means to reduce glycated haemoglobin (Hb1Ac), improve psychological wellbeing and quality of life and promote a healthier lifestyle. This protocol describes the rationale, methods, proposed analysis plan and organisational and administrative details.

/pdf/a-study-protocol-for-a-pilot-randomised-trial-of-a-ehxgbjumnf.pdf

A study protocol for a pilot randomised trial of a structured education programme for the self-management of Type 2 diabetes for adults with intellectual disabilities

People with intellectual disabilities have a higher risk of being abused than other people, but to date research has not explored their views regarding abuse This article reports the findings relating to one question within a participatory research study concerning the abuse of people with intellectual disabilities This question asked what people with intellectual disabilities’ views are concerning abuse Data were gathered via individual interviews (n = 14) and focus groups (7 groups involving 47 people in total), which were then analysed via a process of sorting statements into themes followed by group discussion and analysis of these themes Participants expressed a range of views regarding abuse, some of which revealed strong emotions: a number of participants indicated that abuse could make people feel as though their lives are not worth living People with intellectual disabilities can discuss their feelings around abuse and recognise the impact this has on their lives There is, however, a need f

How do people with intellectual disabilities view abuse and abusers

Summary
Advocacy is often seen as an ideal role for nurses to undertake, especially when working with people who have a learning disability. However, advocacy is not without its risks and dilemmas for learning disability nurses. The present paper attempts to examine why people with learning disabilities may be viewed as vulnerable and why advocacy may be an appropriate activity to undertake. It explores some of the different types of advocacy and the dilemmas which learning disability nurses may face. Finally, guidance is offered on the type of role that learning disability nurses may take when acting as advocates on behalf of people with a learning disability.

Ruth Northway

Papers

The importance of family

Quality of life as a concept for developing learning disability nursing practice

A study protocol for a pilot randomised trial of a structured education programme for the self-management of Type 2 diabetes for adults with intellectual disabilities

How do people with intellectual disabilities view abuse and abusers

Advocacy and the learning disability nurse