http://www.diit.unict.it/users/spalazzo/materiale/Nanonetworks_Survey.pdf

Nanonetworks: A new communication paradigm

With much advancement in the field of nanotechnology, bioengineering, and synthetic biology over the past decade, microscales and nanoscales devices are becoming a reality. Yet the problem of engineering a reliable communication system between tiny devices is still an open problem. At the same time, despite the prevalence of radio communication, there are still areas where traditional electromagnetic waves find it difficult or expensive to reach. Points of interest in industry, cities, and medical applications often lie in embedded and entrenched areas, accessible only by ventricles at scales too small for conventional radio waves and microwaves, or they are located in such a way that directional high frequency systems are ineffective. Inspired by nature, one solution to these problems is molecular communication (MC), where chemical signals are used to transfer information. Although biologists have studied MC for decades, it has only been researched for roughly 10 year from a communication engineering lens. Significant number of papers have been published to date, but owing to the need for interdisciplinary work, much of the results are preliminary. In this survey, the recent advancements in the field of MC engineering are highlighted. First, the biological, chemical, and physical processes used by an MC system are discussed. This includes different components of the MC transmitter and receiver, as well as the propagation and transport mechanisms. Then, a comprehensive survey of some of the recent works on MC through a communication engineering lens is provided. The survey ends with a technology readiness analysis of MC and future research directions.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-survey-of-recent-advancements-in-molecular-2pjzig1xwb.pdf

A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Advancements in Molecular Communication

http://www.diit.unict.it/users/spalazzo/materiale/Electromagnetic_Nanosensors.pdf

Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks

The ability of engineered biological nanomachines to communicate with biological systems at the molecular level is anticipated to enable future applications such as monitoring the condition of a human body, regenerating biological tissues and organs, and interfacing artificial devices with neural systems From the viewpoint of communication theory and engineering, molecular communication is proposed as a new paradigm for engineered biological nanomachines to communicate with the natural biological nanomachines which form a biological system Distinct from the current telecommunication paradigm, molecular communication uses molecules as the carriers of information; sender biological nanomachines encode information on molecules and release the molecules in the environment, the molecules then propagate in the environment to receiver biological nanomachines, and the receiver biological nanomachines biochemically react with the molecules to decode information Current molecular communication research is limited to small-scale networks of several biological nanomachines Key challenges to bridge the gap between current research and practical applications include developing robust and scalable techniques to create a functional network from a large number of biological nanomachines Developing networking mechanisms and communication protocols is anticipated to introduce new avenues into integrating engineered and natural biological nanomachines into a single networked system In this paper, we present the state-of-the-art in the area of molecular communication by discussing its architecture, features, applications, design, engineering, and physical modeling We then discuss challenges and opportunities in developing networking mechanisms and communication protocols to create a network from a large number of bio-nanomachines for future applications

Molecular Communication and Networking: Opportunities and Challenges

Molecular communication is a promising paradigm for nanoscale networks. The end-to-end (including the channel) models developed for classical wireless communication networks need to undergo a profound revision so that they can be applied for nanonetworks. Consequently, there is a need to develop new end-to-end (including the channel) models which can give new insights into the design of these nanoscale networks. The objective of this paper is to introduce a new physical end-to-end (including the channel) model for molecular communication. The new model is investigated by means of three modules, i.e., the transmitter, the signal propagation and the receiver. Each module is related to a specific process involving particle exchanges, namely, particle emission, particle diffusion and particle reception. The particle emission process involves the increase or decrease of the particle concentration rate in the environment according to a modulating input signal. The particle diffusion provides the propagation of particles from the transmitter to the receiver by means of the physics laws underlying particle diffusion in the space. The particle reception process is identified by the sensing of the particle concentration value at the receiver location. Numerical results are provided for three modules, as well as for the overall end-to-end model, in terms of normalized gain and delay as functions of the input frequency and of the transmission range.

A physical end-to-end model for molecular communication in nanonetworks

Molecular communication is engineered biological communication (e.g., cell-to-cell signaling) that allows nanomachines (e.g., engineered organisms, artificial devices) to communicate through chemical signals in an aqueous environment. This paper describes the design of a molecular communication system based on intercellular calcium signaling networks. This paper also describes possible functionalities (e.g., signal switching and aggregation) that may be achieved in such networks.

Molecular communication for nanomachines using intercellular calcium signaling

paper describes the possibility of molecular communication as a solution for communication between nanomachines. Nanomachines are artificial or biological nano-scale devices that perform simple computation, sensing, or actuation. Existing communication technologies cannot be applied to nano-scale communication between nanomachines due to difficulty of scaling down and energy inefficiency of existing technologies. Molecular communication applies the communication mechanisms existing in biological cells to provide a mechanism for nanomachines to communicate over a short distance (adjacent nanomachines to tens of micrometers) by sending and receiving molecules as a communication carrier. Communicating nanomachines can spur the creation of entirely new applications such as communication among the computation gates of a molecular computer. This paper presents the framework of the molecular communication.

/pdf/exploratory-research-on-molecular-communication-between-48g2kkxem8.pdf

Exploratory Research on Molecular Communication between Nanomachines

Molecular communication is one solution for nano-scale communication between nanomachines. Nanomachines (e.g., biological molecules, artificial devices) represent small devices or components that perform computation, sensing, or actuation. Molecular communication provides a mechanism for one nanomachine to encode or decode information into molecules and to send information to another nanomachine. This paper describes a molecular motor communication system in terms of a high level architecture for molecular communication. We also briefly discuss current and future work in molecular communication.

A design of a molecular communication system for nanomachines using molecular motors

We have proposed Molecular Communication [1][2], a solution for nano-scale communication between nanomachines (e.g., biological molecules, artificial devices). Molecular communication provides a mechanism for one nanomachine to encode or decode information into molecules (information molecules) and to send the information molecules to another nanomachine. Using molecular communication to control communication between nanomachines is inspired by the observation of biological systems which already commonly communicate through molecules. This paper describes the design of a molecular communication system that uses molecular motors and rail molecules (such as microtubules) as a basis for the high-level architecture of molecular communication.

A molecular communication system using a network of cytoskeletal filaments.

The sheer scale and rapid rise of Big Data mandates highly scalable, self-adaptive, and energy-conserving data-intensive compute clusters. Based on our analysis of the traces from a production Hadoop cluster at Yahoo!, we observe that file size, file lifespan, and file heat are statistically correlated and very strongly associated with the hierarchical directory structure (i.e., absolute file path) in which the files are organized. Leveraging that observation, we present predictive GreenHDFS; an energy-conserving variant of the Hadoop distributed file system that uses a supervised machine learning technique to learn the correlation between the directory hierarchy and the file attributes to guide novel predictive file zone placement, migration, and replication policies that significantly outperform the current state-of-the-art reactive approaches. Using real-world traces from a large-scale (2600 servers, 5 Petabytes) production Hadoop cluster at Yahoo! in our GreenHDFS simulations, we show how predictive GreenHDFS results in a much better trade-off between performance and energy consumption.

Ryota Egashira

Papers

Molecular communication for nanomachines using intercellular calcium signaling

Exploratory Research on Molecular Communication between Nanomachines

A design of a molecular communication system for nanomachines using molecular motors

A molecular communication system using a network of cytoskeletal filaments.

Predictive data and energy management in GreenHDFS