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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The specular reflectivity of neutrons has been used to characterize quantitatively the microphase separated morphology of symmetric, diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as a function of the total molecular weight of the copolymer where either block is perdeuterated It is shown that the hyperbolic tangent function, as opposed to a linear or cosine‐squared function, most closely describes the concentration gradient at the interface between the lamellar copolymer microdomains The effective width of the interface is found to be independent of the molecular weight of the copolymer blocks and has a value of 50±3 A This interface is also found to be identical to that between PS and PMMA, homopolymers However, using measured values of the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter for PS and PMMA, current theoretical treatments cannot describe the observed widths of the interface

The morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers as revealed by neutron reflectivity

Photoelectron spectroscopic studies of adsorption of CO and oxygen on Ru(001)

Solid state—and surface—analysis by means oF angular-dependent x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

In my thesis [1], which was presented in 1944, I described some work which I had done to study β decay and internal conversion in radioactive decay by means of two different principles. One of these was based on the semi-circular focusing of electrons in a homogeneous magnetic field, while the other used a big magnetic lens. The first principle could give good resolution but low intensity, and the other just the reverse. I was then looking for a possibility of combining the two good properties into one instrument. The idea was to shape the previously homogeneous magnetic field in such a way that focusing should occur in two directions, instead of only one as in the semi-circular case. It was known that in betatrons the electrons performed oscillatory motions both in the radial and in the axial directions. By putting the angles of period equal for the two oscillations Nils Svartholm and I [2, 3] found a simple condition for the magnetic field form required to give a real electron optical image i.e. we established the two-directional or double focusing principle. It turned out that

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S.Å.L. Bergström

Papers

Angular distribution of photoelectrons from a metal single crystal