worked for the smallpox eradi-cation programme in western Africa in 1962-1963 as a member of the staff of the W H O Regional Office for Africa. In 1964 he was transferred t o W H O Headquarters in Geneva, and in 1966 he joined the Smallpox Eradication unit, of which he was Chief from 1977 until 1984. He is now Director of the Kumamoto National Hospital in Japan and a member of the advisory group on international health of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. while at the Communicable Disease Center in the USA, was responsible in 1965-1 966 for the planning of the western and central African smallpox eradication-measles control programme, conducted with the support of the United States Agency for International Development. USSR from 1983 until his death in 1987. T h e authors alone are responsible for t h e views expressed i n t h i s publication. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

Smallpox and its eradication

Electron microscope studies on the structure of natural and synthetic protein filaments from striated muscle.

A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses.

General principles are formulated for the objective reconstruction of a three dimensional object from a set of electron microscope images. These principles are applied to the calculation of a three dimensional density map of the tail of bacteriophage T4.

Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Structures from Electron Micrographs

The polypeptides of adenovirus: I. Evidence for multiple protein components in the virion and a comparison of types 2, 7A, and 12☆

The icosahedral form of an adenovirus

Structural components of bacteriophage

Induction of mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid of phage T2 synthesized in the presence of chloramphenicol.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses bacteriophages as biochemical and genetic systems. The experimental evidence discussed in this chapter leads to the conclusion that two complementary activities take place in the reproduction of bacteriophage,. The first is the replication of the genetic material to ensure genetic continuity of the virus. The second is the specification by the genome of a multiplicity of functions which are necessary for successful passage of the phage through its growth cycle. Both of these aspects of bacteriophage growth pose related problems about molecular mechanisms: one is ultimately concerned with the mechanism of replication of DNA molecules, the other with the mechanism of determination by DNA molecules of the structural details of proteins. The central problem is to determine the relation between the nucleotide sequence of the DNA of a cistron and the amino acid sequence of the protein that it specifies. The best way to attack this problem is to isolate a protein specified by a cistron for which genetic fine structure analysis is possible.

S. Brenner

Papers

A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses.

The icosahedral form of an adenovirus

Structural components of bacteriophage

Induction of mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid of phage T2 synthesized in the presence of chloramphenicol.

Physiological aspects of bacteriophage genetics.