Elements Of X Ray Diffraction

Using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory and generalized gradient approximation we show that the ground state of Mn doped ZnO $(10\\overline{1}0)$ thin film changes from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic when codoped with N. The ferromagnetic coupling between Mn spins arises due to the overlap between N $2p$ and Mn $3d$ electrons in the spin up band, rendering the system half-metallic character.

http://absimage.aps.org/image/MAR05/MWS_MAR05-2004-000489.pdf

Carrier-mediated Ferromagnetism in N Co-doped (Zn, Mn)O (10 0) Thin Film

http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/jart/v15n2/2448-6736-jart-15-02-132.pdf

Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ni-doped TiO2 diluted magnetic semiconductor thin films

Pen plotter printing of ITO thin film as a highly CO sensitive component of a resistive gas sensor.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were grown on nanopatterned glass substrates by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The deposition was carried out at 1.2 J/cm2 laser fluence, low oxygen pressure (1.5 Pa) and on unheated substrate. Arrays of periodic pillars with widths of ~350 nm, heights of ~250 nm, and separation pitches of ~1100 nm were fabricated on glass substrates using UV nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL), a simple, cost-effective, and high throughput technique used to fabricate nanopatterns on large areas. In order to emphasize the influence of the periodic patterns on the properties of the nanostructured ITO films, this transparent conductive oxide (TCO) was also grown on flat glass substrates. Therefore, the structural, compositional, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of both non-patterned and patterned ITO films were investigated in a comparative manner. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirms that the ITO films preserve the In2O3:SnO2 weight ratio from the solid ITO target. The SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images prove that the deposited ITO films retain the pattern of the glass substrates. The optical investigations reveal that patterned ITO films present a good optical transmittance. The electrical measurements show that both the non-patterned and patterned ITO films are characterized by a low electrical resistivity (<2.8 × 10−4). However, an improvement in the Hall mobility was achieved in the case of the nanopatterned ITO films, evidencing the potential applications of such nanopatterned TCO films obtained by PLD in photovoltaic and light emitting devices.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/9/1/19/pdf

Pulsed Laser Deposition of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films on Nanopatterned Glass Substrates

Indium oxide: A transparent, conducting ferromagnetic semiconductor for spintronic applications

In the present study, indium–tin-oxide (ITO) nanoparticles were synthesized using solid-state reaction and studied for their structural, vibrational and magnetic properties. The ITO nanoparticles were prepared under reduced pressure, which can increase the oxygen vacancies in the samples. The X-ray diffraction studies confirmed singe-phase cubic bixbyite structure of ITO with average crystallite size of 47 nm. The lattice vibrational studies (FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy) at room temperature indicated that Sn ions were occupied in In2O3 lattice and gives corresponding active vibrational modes in the respective spectra. The magnetic studies at room temperature reveal the ferromagnetic nature of ITO and the strength of magnetization is superior to those of In2O3 and SnO2. However, the magnetic studies at 100 K revealed reduced ferromagnetism, which could be attributed to reduced itinerary electrons at low temperature. Blue and blue–green emissions were found from the ITO nanoparticles, which could be due to vacancies or surface defects present in the system.

/pdf/room-temperature-ferromagnetic-and-photoluminescence-a0dlk0mxck.pdf

Room-temperature ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of indium–tin-oxide nanoparticles synthesized by solid-state reaction

Cubic structured indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and copper-doped ITO nanoparticles were synthesized by solid state reaction. The structure, morphology, chemical, magnetic, and photoluminescence properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were studied by x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and photoluminescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Magnetic studies confirmed that the ITO nanoparticles were ferromagnetic at room temperature (300 K) and at 100 K, and it was believed that the observed ferromagnetism may be due to oxygen vacancies and defects present in the system. No hysteresis loop was observed in copper-doped ITO nanoparticles at room temperature and 100 K. The ITO and Cu-doped ITO nanoparticles exhibited two broad emission peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Studies on Ferromagnetic and Photoluminescence Properties of ITO and Cu-Doped ITO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Solid State Reaction

Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (In 0.95 Sn 0.05 ) 2 O 3 and Cr doped indium-tin-oxide (In 0.90 Sn 0.05 Cr 0.05 ) 2 O 3 nanoparticles were prepared using simple low cost solid state reaction method and characterized by different techniques to study their structural, optical and magnetic properties. Microstructures, surface morphology, crystallite size of the nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). From these methods it was found that the particles were about 45 nm. Chemical composition and valence states of the nanoparticles were studied using energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From these techniques it was observed that the elements of indium, tin, chromium and oxygen were present in the system in appropriate ratios and they were in +3, +4, +3 and −2 oxidation states. Raman studies confirmed that the nanoparticle were free from unintentional impurities. Two broad emission peaks were observed at 330 nm and 460 nm when excited wavelength of 300 nm. Magnetic studies were carried out at 300 K and 100 K using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and found that the ITO nanoparticles were ferromagnetic at 100 K and 300 K. Where-as the room temperature ferromagnetism completely disappeared in Cr doped ITO nanoparticles at 100 K and 300 K.

Microstructure, ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of ITO and Cr doped ITO nanoparticles using solid state reaction

The optical and electrical properties are the two important dimensions of Indium oxide and its derivatives (indium tin oxide) and were well studied to understand the origin of wide electronic band gap and high electrical conductivity at room temperature. In 2 O 3 and its derivatives find many applications in electronic and optoelectronic domains based on the above properties. The recent discovery of ferromagnetism in In 2 O 3 at room temperature become a third dimension and lead to intensive research on enhancement of ferromagnetic strength by various means such as dopants and synthesis protocols and extrinsic parameters. The research lead to enormous experimental data and theoretical models proliferation over the past one decade with diverse insights into the origin of ferromagnetism in In 2 O 3 based dilute magnetic semiconductors. The experimental data and theoretical models of ferromagnetism in In 2 O 3 has been thoroughly surveyed in the literature and compiled all the data and presented for easy of understanding in this review. We have identified best chemical composition, geometry and synthesis protocols for strongest ferromagnetic strength and suitable theoretical model of magnetism has been presented in this review.

S. Harinath Babu

Papers

Indium oxide: A transparent, conducting ferromagnetic semiconductor for spintronic applications

Room-temperature ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of indium–tin-oxide nanoparticles synthesized by solid-state reaction

Studies on Ferromagnetic and Photoluminescence Properties of ITO and Cu-Doped ITO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Solid State Reaction

Microstructure, ferromagnetic and photoluminescence properties of ITO and Cr doped ITO nanoparticles using solid state reaction

Indium Oxide: A Transparent, Conducting Ferromagnetic Semiconductor for Spintronic Applications