IT may occasion some surprise to those men of science who are ill-acquainted with India, and who so frequently express the view that Governments are unappreciative of the importance of science to learn that as far back as 1886 the Government of India arranged for Dr. George (later Sir George) Watt, professor of botany in the Presidency College, Calcutta, to prepare a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of India". The six volumes of this standard work were published during the years 1889-99. In 1908 Sir George Watt published a condensed version, "The Commercial Products of India". Whatever the defects of these 'dictionaries', they have been of inestimable value to all interested in Indian natural products. The Wealth of India A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Raw Materials, Vol. 1. Pp. xxvii+254+39 plates. 15 rupees ; 24s. Industrial Products, Part 1. Pp. xii+182+8 plates. 8 rupees ; 12s. (New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948.)

The Wealth of India

Nuclear DNA Amounts in Angiosperms and their Modern Uses—807 New Estimates

CONTEXT: Little evidence from India is available regarding the ways in which early marriage may compromise young women's lives and their reproductive health and choices. METHODS: Data from 8,314 married women aged 20-24 living in five Indian states, obtained from a subnationally representative study of transitions experienced by youth, were used to compare marital, reproductive and other outcomes between young women who had married before age 18 and those who had married later. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between timing of marriage and the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Young women who had married at age 18 or older were more likely than those who had married before age 18 to have been involved in planning their marriage (odds ratio, 1.4), to reject wife beating (1.2), to have used contraceptives to delay their first pregnancy (1.4) and to have had their first birth in a health facility (1.4). They were less likely than women who had married early to have experienced physical violence (0.6) or sexual violence (0.7) in their marriage or to have had a miscarriage or stillbirth (0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need to build support among youth and their families for delaying marriage, to enforce existing laws on the minimum age at marriage and to encourage school, health and other authorities to support young women in negotiating with their parents to delay marriage. Language: en

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Associations Between Early Marriage and Young Women's Marital and Reproductive Health Outcomes: Evidence from India

Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae.

Molecular ecology and biogeography of mangrove trees towards conceptual insights on gene flow and barriers: A review

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, karyotypes and 4C DNA content were analyzed in five legume mangroves belonging to the sub-family Papilinoideae (Dalbergia spinosa, Derris heterophylla and D. indica) and Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpinia crista, Cynometra ramiflora) of the family Fabaceae to establish the genetic variability and phylogenetic affinities. Somatic chromosome numbers were reported for the first time in D. spinosa (2n = 20), C. ramiflora (2n = 26) and D. heterophylla (2n = 24) with reconfirmation of the somatic chromosome number in D. indica (2n = 22) and C. crista (2n = 24). Significant intergeneric and interspecific variation of 4C DNA content was observed and that varied from 8.970 pg in C. ramiflora to 28.730 pg in D. indica. From the RAPD analysis, the dendogram showed clustering of Caesalpinia crista and Cynomitra ramiflora into one group (81.80). In the second groups Derris indica and Derris heterophylla were more similar (83.10) than Dalbergia spinosa (85.80). Species-specific DNA markers (900 bp) obtained in D. spinosa from OPN15; 700 and 2000 bp in C. ramiflora from OPN4 and 400 and 800 bp in D. heterophylla and 500 bp DNA fragment in C. crista obtained from OPN-11 were found characteristic RAPD markers of these species. C. crista found more closer affinity to C. ramiflora of the sub-family Caesalpinioideae [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.847]. Derris indica showed closer genetic relation with D. heterophylla [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.856] than D. spinosa [genetic distance (1-F) = 0.876] where Derris and Dalbergia belongs to the sub-family Papilionoideae. By employing these markers the present study has helped to resolve the relationship between the taxonomically diverse leguminous mangroves and study their ability to coexist with mangroves that would shed light on the evolution of mangroves from terrestrial species.

Identification of RAPD markers, in situ DNA content and structural chromosomal diversity in some legumes of the mangrove flora of Orissa

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), an important asexually reproducing spice crop of the family Zingiberaceae is highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal pathogens. The identification of resistance gene analogs holds great promise for development of resistant turmeric cultivars. Degenerate primers designed based on known resistance genes (R-genes) were used in combinations to elucidate resistance gene analogs from Curcuma longa cultivar surama. The three primers resulted in amplicons with expected sizes of 450-600 bp. The nucleotide sequence of these amplicons was obtained through sequencing; their predicted amino acid sequences compared to each other and to the amino acid sequences of known R-genes revealed significant sequence similarity. The finding of conserved domains, viz., kinase-1a, kinase-2 and hydrophobic motif, provided evidence that the sequences belong to the NBS-LRR class gene family. The presence of tryptophan as the last residue of kinase-2 motif further qualified them to be in the non-TIR- NBS-LRR subfamily of resistance genes. A cluster analysis based on the neighbor-joining method was carried out using Curcuma NBS analogs together with several resistance gene analogs and known R-genes,

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Isolation and characterization of NBS-LRR- resistance gene candidates in turmeric (Curcuma longa cv. surama)

Somatic chromosome number and karyotype diversity in fifteen species of mammillaria of the family cactaceae

Analysis of karyotype including somatic chromosome number determination, total chromosome length and volume, estimation of 4C DNA content and Interphase Nuclear Volume (INV) were carried out in 6 species of Melocactus of the family Cactaceae Somatic chromosome number recorded 2n=22 in Melocactus bahiensis, M curvispinus, M robustispinus, M townsendii and 2n=44 in M longispinus, M matanzanus for the first time Significant interspecific variation in nuclear DNA amount was recorded The 4C DNA content varied from 2055 pg in M townsendii to 4080 pg in M longispinus The correlation coefficient studies showed that the genomic chromosome length, chromosome volume and INV were possitively correlated No interdependent was found between 4C DNA content and chromosome length or volume and INV The structural alterations in the chromosomes as well as loss or addition of highly repetitive sequences in the genome showed variations in nuclear DNA at interspecific level indicating a macro- and micro-evolution of the species

Variation in Karyotype and 4C DNA Content in Six Species of Melocactus of the Family Cactaceae

Karyotype studies including determination of somatic chromosome number, total chromosome length and volume, 4C DNA content and INV were carried out in 6 species of Melocactusof the family Cactaceae. Somatic chromosome numbers 2n=22 in M. albicephalus, M douradaensis and M lensselinkianus and 2n=44 in M borhidii, M bredorooanus and M. ernestii were recorded for the first time. Significant interspecific variations in nuclear DNA amount were noted. The 4C DNA content varied in the diploid species from 21.95 pg in M. douradaensis to 24.31 pg in M lensselinkianus and in the polyploid species from 35.76 pg. M ernestii to 39.21 pg in M borhidii. The correlation coefficient studied showed that the chromosome volume, nuclear DNA content and INVwere positively correlated. No interdependency was found between average 4C DNA content and average chromosome length. The structural alterations in the chromosomes as well as less or addition of highly repetitive sequences in the genome showed variations in nuclear DNA at interspecific level indicating a macro-change of nuclear material during evolution.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia1929/63/3/63_3_239/_pdf

S. Mohanty

Papers

Identification of RAPD markers, in situ DNA content and structural chromosomal diversity in some legumes of the mangrove flora of Orissa

Isolation and characterization of NBS-LRR- resistance gene candidates in turmeric (Curcuma longa cv. surama)

Somatic chromosome number and karyotype diversity in fifteen species of mammillaria of the family cactaceae

Variation in Karyotype and 4C DNA Content in Six Species of Melocactus of the Family Cactaceae

Interspecific Variation in Nuclear DNA Content and Chromosome Analysis in Melocactus.