J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors

After carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen is the next most abundant element in the human body. Inorganic and organic compounds of nitrogen feature prominently in many biological and environmental, as well as industrial, processes. In nature, the inorganic compounds of nitrogen are controlled by a reaction cycle called the nitrogen cycle (Figure 1).1 The denitrification pathway in this cycle, that is, the conversion of nitrate to dinitrogen, is employed by certain bacteria to produce ATP anaerobically and gain energy for cell growth. All organisms use ammonia as one of the starting building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and many other important biological compounds. Nitric oxide is * Corresponding author. E-mail: m.koper@chem.leidenuniv.nl. † Present address: Energy research Centre of The Netherlands (ECN), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands. ‡ Present address: Research, Development & Innovation, AkzoNobel Chemicals bv, Velperweg 76, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 2209–2244 2209

Nitrogen cycle electrocatalysis.

This article reviews fundamental aspects of deposition, structure and electrochemistry of Prussian Blue and its analogues. Special attention is given to the metal hexacyanoferrates with potential analytical applications. Prussian Blue and its analogues as advanced sensing materials for nonelectroactive ions are discussed. In contrast to common ‘smart materials’, the sensitivity and selectivity of metal hexacyanoferrates to such ions is provided by thermodynamic background. Prussian Blue itself is recognized as the most advantageous low-potential transducer for hydrogen peroxide over all known systems. Both high sensitivity (ca. 1 A M−1 cm−2) and selectivity in relation to oxygen reduction are more than three orders of magnitude higher, than for platinum electrodes. Biosensors based on different transducing principles containing enzymes oxidases are compared, and the devices operated due to hydrogen peroxide detection with the Prussian Blue based transducer are shown to be the most advantageous ones. The future prospects of chemical and biological sensors based on metal hexacyanoferrates are outlined.

Prussian Blue and Its Analogues: Electrochemistry and Analytical Applications

Due to the significance of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in biological systems and its practical applications, the development of efficient electrochemical H(2)O(2) sensors holds a special attraction for researchers Various materials such as Prussian blue (PB), heme proteins, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and transition metals have been applied to the construction of H(2)O(2) sensors In this article, the electrocatalytic H(2)O(2) determinations are mainly focused on because they can provide a superior sensing performance over non-electrocatalytic ones The synergetic effect between nanotechnology and electrochemical H(2)O(2) determination is also highlighted in various aspects In addition, some recent progress for in vivo H(2)O(2) measurements is also presented Finally, the future prospects for more efficient H(2)O(2) sensing are discussed

Recent advances in electrochemical sensing for hydrogen peroxide: a review

Synthesis and in vivo antidiabetic activity of novel dispiropyrrolidines through [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with thiazolidinedione and rhodanine derivatives.

A thionine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide

The electrocatalytic properties of electrodes modified with metal [Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ag(I), Cd(II) and In(III)] hexacyanoferrates(II) were studied by cyclic voltammetry using hydrazine as substrate. The electrodes were prepared by mechanically transferring microparticles of the hexacyanoferrates onto the surface of a paraffin impregnated graphite electrode. The catalytic activities of these compounds were compared based on the ratio of the total current for the catalytic oxidation to the current for the modified electrode. This ratio has been calculated at the peak potentials of the cyclic voltammograms and also at some fixed anodic potentials. As expected for an electrocatalytic reaction, it was observed that the current ratio is higher at slow scan rates and lower at high scan rates. The catalytic activities of hexacyanoferrates are rather complex and they do not follow any uniform pattern. The hexacyanoferrates of manganese, zinc and indium turned out to possess the highest catalytic activity.

S. Sriman Narayanan

Papers

Synthesis and in vivo antidiabetic activity of novel dispiropyrrolidines through [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with thiazolidinedione and rhodanine derivatives.

A thionine functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide

A Comparative Study of the Electrocatalytic Activities of Some Metal Hexacyanoferrates for the Oxidation of Hydrazine

Amperometric determination of hydrazine at manganese hexacyanoferrate modified graphite-wax composite electrode

A novel nanobiocomposite based glucose biosensor using neutral red functionalized carbon nanotubes.