자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Understanding the small business sector

Book-length study of black, Chinese, and Japanese self-employment in northern cities of the United States, 1880-1940, Self-employment is explained as a product of moral communities resulting from migration networks.

Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare Among Chinese, Japanese and Blacks

This article assesses recent developments in the research and practice of migrant entrepreneurship by examining the powerful contribution that the perspective of ‘mixed embeddedness’ has provided to this field. We identify key themes emerging from mixed embeddedness, particularly in relation to the role of the institutional and market contexts, and highlight areas that could strengthen the perspective, such as (1) the role of regulation, (2) the incorporation of racist exclusion and (3) gendered structures of migration and labour market processes, (4) market ghettoisation and (5) greater sensitivity to historical context. We also consider the extent to which growing interest among practitioners in supporting migrant enterprise has been influenced by developments in the academic domain.

Migrant entrepreneurship: Reflections on research and practice:

The author claims that social institutions include markets. Using the expression of “markets as policy” he investigates sociological model of action, according to which the market players are looking for stable relations and solving the problem of competition via social means. The author analyses the strong linkage between the market and the state. Basing on these statements the author provides hypotheses of how the policy on the markets is done at different stages of their development: appearance, stability and transformation periods. It is claimed that during the market formation when the actors-firms are trying to build status hierarchy the political action reminds social movements. When markets are stable the firms that are more powerful defend their positions from the potential competitors. During the transition period these firms could act for more unstable situation on the market that arises due to social movements.

Markets as Policy: A Political-Сultural Approach to Market Institutions

Studies of businesses established by migrants to the UK traditionally stressed co-ethnic relationships as economic resources. More recent work identifies a new ethnic economy characterized by migrants’ common experiences, with ethnicity playing less of a role. The present study complements this newer perspective through investigation of the experiences of forty-nine business owners and sixty of their workers in the West Midlands. Economic relationships were central to the operation of migrant firms, and a minority of firms escaped from sectors traditionally dominated by migrant firms. Yet substantial continuity was also evident, including exclusion from the mainstream on ethnic lines and relations with workers characterized by informality. Migrant business is evolving but it retains many of its features; this pattern can be explained by combining the mixed embeddedness theory of the enterprise with labour process analysis.

New migrant businesses and their workers: developing, but not transforming, the ethnic economy

How do small ‘non‐compliant’ firms (those evading existing regulations) react to further regulatory change? The impact of the National Living Wage in the UK in 2016 is analysed through 22 mostly longitudinal case studies of small non‐compliant firms. The varied responses, endurance of non‐compliance, and blurred and dynamic nature of transitions to compliance are discussed through the lens of institutional approaches to informality. The analysis sheds new light on the relative autonomy of micro processes and the conditions under which external forces affect these processes. Non‐compliant informality, as a persisting feature of small business, is unlikely to be transformed by legal regulation alone.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-8551.12363

The Roots of Informal Responses to Regulatory Change: Non‐compliant Small Firms and the National Living Wage

Whilst it is acknowledged that refugees are more likely to select into self-employment due to discrimination and labour market exclusion, we know little about how their ventures perform over time. ...

Sabina Doldor

Papers

New migrant businesses and their workers: developing, but not transforming, the ethnic economy

The Roots of Informal Responses to Regulatory Change: Non‐compliant Small Firms and the National Living Wage

What happens to refugee-origin entrepreneurs? Combining mixed embeddedness and strategy perspectives in a longitudinal study