Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Abstract Information is a source of power in the planning process. This article begins by assessing five perspectives of the planner's use of information: those of the technician, the incremental pragmatist, the liberal advocate, the structuralist, and the “progressive.” Then several types of misinformation (inevitable or unnecessary, ad hoc or systematic) are distinguished in a reformulation of bounded rationality in planning, and practical responses by planning staff are identified. The role and ethics of planners acting as sources of misinformation are considered. In practice planners work in the face of power manifest as the social and political (mis)-man-agement of citizens' knowledge, consent, trust, and attention. Seeking to enable planners to anticipate and counteract sources of misinformation threatening public serving, democratic planning processes, the article clarifies a practical and politically sensitive form of “progressive” planning practice.

Planning in the Face of Power.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2960854-6.pdf?code=lancet-site

Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health

Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice

Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis

Adaptation planning and implementation

Adaptive management, an established method in natural resource and ecosystem management, has not been widely applied to landscape planning due to the lack of an operational method that addresses the role of uncertainty and standardized monitoring protocols and methods. A review of adaptive management literature and practices reveals several key concepts and principles for adaptive planning: (1) management actions are best understood and practiced as experiments; (2) several plans/experiments can be implemented simultaneously; (3) monitoring of management actions are key; and (4) adaptive management can be understood as ‘learning by doing’. The paper identifies various uncertainties in landscape planning as the major obstacles for the adoption of an adaptive approach. To address the uncertainty in landscape planning, an adaptive planning method is proposed where monitoring plays an integral role to reduce uncertainty. The proposed method is then applied to a conceptual test in water resource planning addre...

/pdf/learning-by-doing-adaptive-planning-as-a-strategy-to-address-28og0ae64y.pdf

‘Learning by doing’: adaptive planning as a strategy to address uncertainty in planning

This study combines qualitative and quantitative research to examine perceptions held by rural households in Northern Ghana regarding the value of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in the management of ecosystem services. Key informant interviews (n = 14), household questionnaire surveys (n = 195), field observations, and dissemination meetings were employed to collect data. Results suggest the regular use of different but interrelated forms of TEK, i.e. taboos and totems, customs and rituals, rules and regulations, and traditional protected areas, to manage ecosystem services through existing sociocultural mechanisms. However, household awareness of TEK did not equate with compliance. A wide discrepancy in views on TEK was observed across surveyed households. A generalized linear model (GLM) regression analysis suggests age to be the most significant determinant of TEK awareness and compliance. Compared with mature and younger adults, the elderly appear more likely to be aware of and comply ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124454

The role of traditional ecological knowledge in ecosystem services management: the case of four rural communities in Northern Ghana

In this article it is argued that creating multifunctional landscapes or allowing a landscape to serve multiple purposes is the key to sustainable landscape development. For a landscape to be sustainable, it needs to be well cared for and maintained. It also needs to have a built-in mechanism to absorb changes (disturbances and developments) toward increasing resiliency. Landscape ecological planning such as greenways, ecological networks, and ecological infrastructure is suited to address multifunctional landscapes. The strength of multifunctional landscapes is their ability to afford the needs of diverse users, thus appealing to diverse constituents with various recreational, cultural, and ecological needs/objectives. This leads to a lasting support from these user groups and this support is crucial for landscape sustainability. Multiple uses also facilitate efficient use of time and space, which is an especially attractive feature in urban landscapes where space is limited and a land mosaic is fine and heterogeneous. Time, space, and use conflicts necessarily arise when trying to accommodate multiple competing/conflicting uses. These conflicts can be dealt with strategies such as spatial and temporal separation of uses, stacking, limiting access, and the use of permit to control use.

Multifunctional Landscapes as a Basis for Sustainable Landscape Development

The concept of threshold can potentially be applied to conservation planning of species, habitats, and ecosystems It also has significance in managing social–ecological systems for resilience However, our understanding and use of threshold has been scattered among various disciplines, and the link to conservation planning and social–ecological system management has not been strongly established The review of the use of threshold in various disciplines reveals that the term is used in a similar manner in both natural and social sciences: a threshold is a point or a zone on an independent variable, and if it is crossed, a sudden, large change in the state of a dependent variable occurs Even a small change in the independent variable brings this drastic change; nonlinear relationship characterizes the threshold response Thresholds also separate alternative regimes in a social–ecological system The discussion of the application of threshold concept to watershed planning concludes that although using one threshold value of impervious surfaces in a watershed to regulate new developments and retrofit old ones is a cost-effective method, a more integrated approach is needed The use of habitat amount threshold to conserve species promotes proactive planning that would prioritize areas for protection before the threshold is reached and would restore habitat based on the threshold target However, species-specific data to decide on the threshold is often lacking, and the identification of thresholds is not straightforward Nonetheless, the concept of threshold is appealing for proactive planning and significant in managing social–ecological systems for resilience

Sadahisa Kato

Papers

Adaptation planning and implementation

‘Learning by doing’: adaptive planning as a strategy to address uncertainty in planning

The role of traditional ecological knowledge in ecosystem services management: the case of four rural communities in Northern Ghana

Multifunctional Landscapes as a Basis for Sustainable Landscape Development

The concept of threshold and its potential application to landscape planning