Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Metamaterials are typically engineered by arranging a set of small scatterers or apertures in a regular array throughout a region of space, thus obtaining some desirable bulk electromagnetic behavior. The desired property is often one that is not normally found naturally (negative refractive index, near-zero index, etc.). Over the past ten years, metamaterials have moved from being simply a theoretical concept to a field with developed and marketed applications. Three-dimensional metamaterials can be extended by arranging electrically small scatterers or holes into a two-dimensional pattern at a surface or interface. This surface version of a metamaterial has been given the name metasurface (the term metafilm has also been employed for certain structures). For many applications, metasurfaces can be used in place of metamaterials. Metasurfaces have the advantage of taking up less physical space than do full three-dimensional metamaterial structures; consequently, metasurfaces offer the possibility of less-lossy structures. In this overview paper, we discuss the theoretical basis by which metasurfaces should be characterized, and discuss their various applications. We will see how metasurfaces are distinguished from conventional frequency-selective surfaces. Metasurfaces have a wide range of potential applications in electromagnetics (ranging from low microwave to optical frequencies), including: (1) controllable “smart” surfaces, (2) miniaturized cavity resonators, (3) novel wave-guiding structures, (4) angular-independent surfaces, (5) absorbers, (6) biomedical devices, (7) terahertz switches, and (8) fluid-tunable frequency-agile materials, to name only a few. In this review, we will see that the development in recent years of such materials and/or surfaces is bringing us closer to realizing the exciting speculations made over one hundred years ago by the work of Lamb, Schuster, and Pocklington, and later by Mandel'shtam and Veselago.

An Overview of the Theory and Applications of Metasurfaces: The Two-Dimensional Equivalents of Metamaterials

Tables of integrals

We report that a resonance response with a very high quality factor can be achieved in a planar metamaterial by introducing symmetry breaking in the shape of its structural elements, which enables excitation of trapped modes, i.e., modes that are weakly coupled to free space.

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Sharp trapped-mode resonances in planar metamaterials with a broken structural symmetry

Metasurfaces: From microwaves to visible

Preface. General Aspects Of Metamaterials And Plasmonics. Handedness in Plasmonics: Electrical Engineer's Perspective A. Sihvola, S. Zouhdi.- Bounds on Metamaterials - Theoretical and Experimental Results G. Kristensson et al.- Transformation Media And Cloaking. Plasmonic Cloaks A. Alu and N. Engheta.- Geometrical Transformations for Numerical Modelling and for New Material Design in Photonics A. Nicolet et al.- Transformation and Moving Media: A Unified Approach Using Geometric Algebra M A. Ribeiro and C. R. Paiva.- Effective Medium Modeling. Homogenization of Split-Ring Arrays, Seen as the Exploitation of Translational Symmetry A. Bossavit.- Mixing Formulas and Plasmonic Composites H. Wallen et al.- Applications: Antennas, Absorbers. Applications of EBG in Low Profile Antenna Designs: What Have We Learned? Y. Rahmat-Samii and F. Yang.- Negative Index Metamaterial Lens for the Scanning Angle Enhancement of Phased-Array Antennas T. Lam et al.- Application of Wire Media in Antenna Technology S.Hrabar.- Optimization of Radar Absorber Structures using Genetic Algorithms N. Lassouaoui et al.- Design of Metamaterial-Based Resonant Microwave Absorbers with Reduced Thickness and Absence of a Metallic Backing F Bilotti and L. Vegni.- Metamaterial Elements And Components. Dual-Mode Metamaterial-Based Microwave Components D. S. Goshi et al.- Chiral Swiss Rolls M C. K. Wiltshire.- Trapped-Mode Resonances in Planar Metamaterials with High Structural Symmetry S. Prosvirnin et al.- Fabricating Plasmonic Components for Nano- and Meta-Photonics A. Boltasseva et al.- Line Source Excitation ofan Array of Circular Metamaterial Cylinders: Boundary Value Solution and Applications B. H. Henin et al.- Surfaces And Planar Structures. Analytical Modeling of Surface Waves on High Impedance Surfaces A. B. Yakovlev et al.- Migration and Collision of Magnetoplasmon Modes in Magnetised Planar Semiconductor-Dielectric Layered Structures A. G.Schuchinsky and X. Yan.- Transmission Lines And Waveguides. Dispersion Engineering in Resonant Type Metamaterial Transmission Lines and Applications J. Bonache et al.- Compact Dual-band Rat-Race Coupler Based on a Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line X. Hu and S.He.- Dispersion and Losses in Metamaterial DNG H-Guides A. L. Topa et al.- List of Contributors.

Metamaterials and Plasmonics: Fundamentals, Modelling, Applications

I. General Aspects of Complex Media and Metamaterials.- Electromagnetic Emergence in Metamaterials. Deconstruction of Terminology of Complex Media.- Ideas for Potential Applications of Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability.- Frequency Response Engineering of Magnetic Composite Materials.- A Flavour of Constitutive Relations: The Linear Regime.- II. Metamaterials With Negative Parameters.- Electrodynamics of Media with Simultaneously Negative Electric Permittivity and Magnetic Permeability.- Modelling and Microwave Properties of Artificial Materials with Negative Parameters.- On the Electromagnetic Modelling of Left-Handed Metamaterials.- III. Photonic Band Gap Materials.- Controllable Semiconductor Photonic Band Gap Structures.- Photonic Band Gap Effects in Magnetic Film with Periodically Striped-Domain Structure.- Simulation of Finite Photonic Crystals made of Biisotropic or Chiral Material. Using the Method of Auxiliary Sources.- IV. Analysis And Modelling Of Bianisotropic Structures.- Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Artificial Anisotropie Uniform and Twisted Omega-Structures.- A Review of Homogenization Studies for Biaxial Bianisotropic Materials.- Dispersion Properties of Stop-Band Structures from Thin Metallic Spirals.- Effective Electron Model of the Wire Helix Excitation at Microwaves: First Step to Optimization of Pitch Angle of Helix.- V. Advanced Computational Methods For Electromagnetic Waves Interaction With Metamaterials.- Transmission and Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves by the Plane Stratified Structures Possessing Gyrotropic Properties.- Selective Reflection at an Oblique Incidence of Electromagnetic Waves onto Stratified Periodic Gyrotropic Structures.- Resonances of Closed Modes in Thin Arrays of Complex Particles.- Surface and Leaky Modes of Multilayered Omega Structures.- The Competition of Bragg Reflection and Fresnel's Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves in the Artificial Helicoidal Bianisotropic Media with Local Chirality.- Use of Contemporary Mathematical Applications for Exact Solution of Light Propagation Problem in Layered Media. Propagation and Scattering.- VI. Heterogeneous Materials and Wave Localization.- On Electrodynamics of One-Dimensional Heterogeneous System Beyond Homogenization Approximation.- Localized Electromagnetic and Elastic Fields with Applications to Control Laser Radiation.- Excitonic Composites.- Optical Anisotropy of the Crystals at the Nonuniform Fields.- VII. Applications of Complex Media and Other Metamaterials.- Self-Adaptive Material Systems.- Electromagnetic Field Solution in Curved Structures with Local Bianisotropic Loading Media.- Dielectric Substrates Anisotropy Effects on the Characteristics of Microstrip Structures.- Theoretical and Experimental Limitations of Chiral Microwave Absorbers.- List of Contributors.

Advances in electromagnetics of complex media and metamaterials

Vector potential formulation and parametric studies of electromagnetic scattering problems of a sphere characterized by the rotationally symmetric anisotropy are studied. Both epsilon and mu tensors are considered herein, and four elementary parameters are utilized to specify the material properties in the structure. The field representations can be obtained in terms of two potentials, and both TE (TM) modes (with respect to r) inside (outside) the sphere can be derived and expressed in terms of a series of fractional-order (in a real or complex number) Ricatti-Bessel functions. The effects due to either electric anisotropy ratio (Ae=epsilont/epsilonr) or magnetic anisotropy ratio (Am=mut/mur) on the radar cross section (RCS) are considered, and the hybrid effects due to both Ae and Am are also examined extensively. It is found that the material anisotropy affects significantly the scattering behaviors of three-dimensional dielectric objects. For absorbing spheres, however, the Ae or Am no longer plays a significant role as in lossless dielectric spheres and the anisotropic dependence of RCS values is found to be predictable. The hybrid effects of Ae and Am are considered for absorbing spheres as well, but it is found that the RCS can be greatly reduced by controlling the material parameters. Details of the theoretical treatment and numerical results are presented.

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Scattering by rotationally symmetric anisotropic spheres: potential formulation and parametric studies.

Numerical analysis of the reflection properties of double-periodic thin arrays is carried out. This analysis indicates the presence of extremely high quality band stop and band pass resonances due to the excitation of non-symmetric current mode.

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Resonances of Closed Modes in Thin Arrays of Complex Particles

Magnetoelectrically chiral media are studied in this paper as potential materials to realize double negative materials and negative refractive characteristics. The behaviors of the negative refractive index, the backward eigenwaves, and the impedance of these eigenmodes of this particular type of chiral media are examined in detail. We consider longitudinal and transverse propagation separately. Among the wave numbers obtained, we find that two of them are backward propagating waves in certain frequency bands. The helicity and polarization states are shown. We further study the impedance of these backward eigenmodes, which have potential applications in impedance matching, subwavelength resonator cavities and high-directivity antennas. Due to the off-diagonal gyrotropic parameters, a negative refractive index can be achieved when the material parameters and frequency are properly chosen. A study of the zero index of refraction for magnetoelectrically chiral media is carried out, and potential applications are proposed.

/pdf/backward-waves-in-magnetoelectrically-chiral-media-2dblj59c0e.pdf

Said Zouhdi

Papers

Metamaterials and Plasmonics: Fundamentals, Modelling, Applications

Advances in electromagnetics of complex media and metamaterials

Scattering by rotationally symmetric anisotropic spheres: potential formulation and parametric studies.

Resonances of Closed Modes in Thin Arrays of Complex Particles

Backward waves in magnetoelectrically chiral media: Propagation, impedance, and negative refraction