There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Human tissue is structured mainly of self-assembled polymers (proteins) and ceramics (bone minerals), with metals present as trace elements with molecular scale functions. However, metals and their alloys have played a predominant role as structural biomaterials in reconstructive surgery, especially orthopedics, with more recent uses in non-osseous tissues, such as blood vessels. With the successful routine use of a large variety of metal implants clinically, issues associated with long-term maintenance of implant integrity have also emerged. This review focuses on metallic implant biomaterials, identifying and discussing critical issues in their clinical applications, including the systemic toxicity of released metal ions due to corrosion, fatigue failure of structural components due to repeated loading, and wearing of joint replacements due to movement. This is followed by detailed reviews on specific metallic biomaterials made from stainless steels, alloys of cobalt, titanium and magnesium, as well as shape memory alloys of nickel–titanium, silver, tantalum and zirconium. For each, the properties that affect biocompatibility and mechanical integrity (especially corrosion fatigue) are discussed in detail. Finally, the most critical challenges for metallic implant biomaterials are summarized, with emphasis on the most promising approaches and strategies.

Metallic implant biomaterials

Remediation of wastewater using various nano-materials

https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/127602657/drug.pdf

Drug delivery systems and materials for wound healing applications.

Lipid-based drug delivery systems, or lipidic carriers, are being extensively employed to enhance the bioavailability of poorly-soluble drugs. They have the ability to incorporate both lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules and protecting them against degradation in vitro and in vivo. There is a number of physical attributes of lipid-based nanocarriers that determine their safety, stability, efficacy, as well as their in vitro and in vivo behaviour. These include average particle size/diameter and the polydispersity index (PDI), which is an indication of their quality with respect to the size distribution. The suitability of nanocarrier formulations for a particular route of drug administration depends on their average diameter, PDI and size stability, among other parameters. Controlling and validating these parameters are of key importance for the effective clinical applications of nanocarrier formulations. This review highlights the significance of size and PDI in the successful design, formulation and development of nanosystems for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and other applications. Liposomes, nanoliposomes, vesicular phospholipid gels, solid lipid nanoparticles, transfersomes and tocosomes are presented as frequently-used lipidic drug carriers. The advantages and limitations of a range of available analytical techniques used to characterize lipidic nanocarrier formulations are also covered.

Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems.

Wound healing is a complicated and continuous process affected by several factors, which needs an appropriate surroundingto achieve accelerated healing. Wound healing process recruits three differe ...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/app.47738

Wound dressings: Current advances and future directions

Background The word “nutraceutical” can be defined as a food substance or part of it, which provides the body with medical or health benefits, including disease prevention and therapy. Scope and approach Nutraceuticals are a natural way to achieve therapeutic outcome with minimal or no side effects. However, they are subject to degradation resulting from exposure to environmental factors such as humidity, oxygen, heat, light and extreme pH values. Nanoliposome, or nanometric bilayer phospholipid vesicle, is a very promising encapsulation technology for the nutraceutical industry. Protection of sensitive bioactive molecules, storage stability, high loading capacity, enhanced bioavailability, and sustained-release mechanism are among the advantages offered by nanoliposome technology. They can encapsulate lipophilic and hydrophilic material at the same time providing synergistic effect. This article reviews various aspects of nanoliposome technology including their main physicochemical properties, generally employed preparation methods, targeting strategies and their application in food and nutraceutical industries. Key findings and conclusions The great potential of nanoliposomes in food and nutraceutical industries is being rapidly established due to unique properties of these nanocarriers. Considering the global health problems, their utilization for effective disease prevention and health promotion is of vital importance.

Nanoliposome technology for the food and nutraceutical industries

Nanohybrid hydrogels of laponite: PVA-Alginate as a potential wound healing material

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/app.46265

Saied Nouri Khorasani

Papers

Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems.

Wound dressings: Current advances and future directions

Nanoliposome technology for the food and nutraceutical industries

Nanohybrid hydrogels of laponite: PVA-Alginate as a potential wound healing material

Recent advances in core/shell bicomponent fibers and nanofibers: A review