Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition.

The authors review research on risk factors for eating disorders, restricting their focus to studies in which clear precedence of the hypothesized risk factor over onset of the disorder is established. They illustrate how studies of sociocultural risk factors and biological factors have progressed on parallel tracks and propose that major advances in understanding the etiology of eating disorders require a new generation of studies that integrate these domains. They discuss how more sophisticated and novel conceptualizations of risk and causal processes may inform both nosology and intervention efforts.

Risk factors for eating disorders.

Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000-2018 period: a systematic literature review.

The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia.

Objective: To assess the role of neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for eating disorders (ED). Method: A representative sample of girls 12-21 years old from Navarre, Spain. Girls free from any ED in 1997 were followed up for 18 months and reevaluated using DSM-IV criteria. Multivariable logistic models were used to examine associations between neuroticism (Eysenck Inventory) or low self-esteem (36-item scale) and incident ED. Results: Higher levels of neurotic personality increased the risk of ED (adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the highest quartile, 3.3; 95% Cl; 1.6-4.8). High levels of self-esteem were protective (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.16-0.66). Neuroticism was a more powerful predictor than low self-esteem. Discussion: Our results provide prospective evidence sup- porting the role of neuroticism and low self-esteem as major determinants of ED. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 271-280, 2003.

Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for incident eating disorders in a prospective cohort study.

Objective. To identify risk factors for eating disorders. Methods. A community cohort study was conducted in Navarra, Spain. A region-wide representative sample of 2862 girls who were 12 to 21 years of age completed the Eating Attitudes Test (40-item version) and other questionnaires in 1997. Girls who scored high in the Eating Attitudes Test-40 were interviewed by a psychiatrist who applied Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria to diagnose prevalent cases of eating disorders. Girls who were free of any eating disorder in 1997 were reassessed after 18 months of follow-up using the same methods. Results. Ninety new cases of eating disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria were identified during the follow-up. In the multivariate logistic analysis, a higher risk of incident eating disorder was found for several exposures assessed at the beginning of follow-up, such as younger age, usually eating alone (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.9–4.6), and frequently reading girls’ magazines or listening to radio programs (OR: 2.1; 1.2–3.8 for those most frequently using both media). No independent association was found for television viewing or socioeconomic status. A marital status of parents different from “being married” was associated with a significantly higher risk in the multivariate analysis (OR: 2.0; 1.1–3.5). Conclusions. Our results support the role of mass media influences and parental marital status in the onset of eating disorders. The habit of eating alone should be considered as a warning sign of eating disorders.

Parental Factors, Mass Media Influences, and the Onset of Eating Disorders in a Prospective Population-Based Cohort

Fundamento A pesar de la alarma social que se ha levantado en torno a los trastornos de laconducta alimentaria (TCA), solo existe una informacion limitada en Espana acerca de su prevalencia.Son necesarios estudios realizados en la comunidad que evaluen la frecuencia deeste problema en muestras representativas de la poblacion. Sujetos y metodos Con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de anorexia nerviosa (AN), bulimianerviosa (BN) y de cuadros parciales o incompletos del tipo «trastornos de la conducta alimentariano especificados» (TCANE), se selecciono una muestra representativa de la poblacion femeninaadolescente navarra por un procedimiento de seleccion aleatoria multietapica. Se estudiouna muestra de 2.862 participantes de entre 12 y 21 anos. El proceso de cribado serealizo mediante el cuestionario Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) (considerando positivos valores superioresa 30) y el diagnostico se confirmo mediante una entrevista semiestructurada realizadapor un psiquiatra (ajustandose a los criterios DSM-IV). Resultados La prevalencia global de TCA en esta poblacion femenina adolescente fue del4,1% (IC del 95%: 3,45–4,95), siendo del 3,1% (IC del 95%: 2,5–3,8) para TCANE, del O,8%(IC del 95%: 0,5–1,2) para BN y del 0,3% (IC del 95%: 0,1–0,6) para AN. Conclusiones La prevalencia de TCA en Navarra es ligeramente inferior a la de otros trabajos deautores espanoles, aunque se constata la mayor frecuencia de cuadros incompletos. La elevadaprevalencia global del problema en cifras absolutas apoya la necesidad de desarrollar estrategiasde prevencion primaria.

Salvador Cervera

Papers

Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for incident eating disorders in a prospective cohort study.

Parental Factors, Mass Media Influences, and the Onset of Eating Disorders in a Prospective Population-Based Cohort

Prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en las adolescentes navarras

Sustained attention in a counting task: normal performance and functional neuroanatomy.

Dysfunctional supplementary motor area implication during attention and time estimation tasks in schizophrenia: a PET-O15 water study