世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Load modeling has significant impact on power system studies. This paper presents a review on load modeling and identification techniques. Load models can be classified into two broad categories: 1) static and 2) dynamic models, while there are two types of approaches to identify model parameters: 1) measurement-based and 2) component-based. Load modeling has received more attention in recent years because of the renewable integration, demand-side management, and smart metering devices. However, the commonly used load models are outdated, and cannot represent emerging loads. There is a need to systematically review existing load modeling techniques and suggest future research directions to meet the increasing interests from industry and academia. In this paper, we provide a thorough survey on the academic research progress and industry practices, and highlight existing issues and new trends in load modeling.

Load Modeling—A Review

Power system load modeling is a mature and generally well researched area which, as many other in electrical power engineering at the present time, is going through a period of renewed interest in both industry and academia. This interest is fueled by the appearance of new non-conventional types of loads (power electronic-based, or interfaced through power electronics) and requirements to operate modern electric power systems with increased penetration of non-conventional and mostly intermittent types of generation in a safe and secure manner. As a response to this renewed interest, in February 2010 CIGRE established working group C4.605: “Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks”. One of the first tasks of the working group was to identify current international industry practice on load modeling for static and dynamic power system studies. For that purpose, a questionnaire was developed and distributed during the summer/autumn of 2010 to more than 160 utilities and system operators in over 50 countries on five continents. This paper summarizes some of the key findings from about 100 responses to the questionnaire received by September 2011 and identifies prevalent types of load models used as well as typical values of their parameters.

International Industry Practice on Power System Load Modeling

This paper maps the expected and possible adverse consequences for power quality of introducing several smart distribution-grid technologies and applications. The material presented in this paper is the result of discussions in an international CIGRE–CIRED joint working group. The following technologies and applications are discussed: 1) microgrids; 2) advanced voltage control; 3) feeder reconfiguration; and 4) demand-side management. Recommendations are given based on the mapping.

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Power Quality Concerns in Implementing Smart Distribution-Grid Applications

Potential of building integrated and attached/applied photovoltaic (BIPV/BAPV) for adaptive less energy-hungry building’s skin: A comprehensive review

CIGRE WG C4.605 : “Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks”

This paper presents the development of the dynamic equivalent model of an active distributed network (ADN) based on the grey-box approach. The equivalent model of an ADN comprises a converter-connected generator and a composite load model in parallel. The grey-box approach was chosen for model development as it incorporates prior knowledge about the ADN structure into the model, makes the model more physically relevant and intuitive than black-box or white-box models, and potentially improves the accuracy of the model. The dynamic equivalent model is presented in the seventh-order nonlinear state space format. It was initially loosely developed from the algebraic and differential equations describing assumed typical components of an ADN. Various static load models, dynamic load compositions, fault locations and a diverse range of distributed generation types and scenarios are considered in order to establish the generic range of model parameters for an ADN. The model is intended for the use in large power system stability studies.

Generic Model of Active Distribution Network for Large Power System Stability Studies

Paper presents an equivalent model of an active distribution network cell (ADNC) with distributed generation for transmission system stability studies. The equivalent model of ADNC comprises a converter-connected generator and a composite load model in parallel. The gray-box approach was chosen as it enables inclusion of prior knowledge about the ADNC structure into the model development, hence making the model more physically relevant and intuitive than a black-box or white-box model. The dynamic equivalent model is presented in a seventh-order nonlinear quasi state space format, developed from the algebraic and differential equations describing assumed typical components of the ADNC. The developed equivalent model of ADNC was validated through small and large disturbance studies using the modified IEEE nine-bus transmission system model.

Validation of Equivalent Dynamic Model of Active Distribution Network Cell

Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks

The paper presents initial results in development of dynamic equivalent model of Distributed Network Cell (DNC) comprising various types of loads and distributed energy resources. The method used for development of the model is based on Prony analysis and Nonlinear least square optimization. The dynamic equivalent model is developed in MATLAB based on simulated measurement data of DNC. The model is given in the form of an equivalent second order transfer function that can be used in dynamic stability studies. The model estimation procedure is evaluated on a case study and the initial simulation results show very good performance of the proposed dynamic equivalent model.

Samila Mat Zali

Papers

CIGRE WG C4.605 : “Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks”

Generic Model of Active Distribution Network for Large Power System Stability Studies

Validation of Equivalent Dynamic Model of Active Distribution Network Cell

Modelling and aggregation of loads in flexible power networks

Dynamic equivalent model of Distribution Network Cell using Prony analysis and Nonlinear least square optimization