I. Introduction A FUNCTIONAL relationship between cell growth and the initiation and progression of events associated with differentiation has been a fundamental question challenging developmental biologists for more than a century. In the case of bone, as observed with other cells and tissue, the relationship of growth and differentiation must be maintained and stringently regulated, both during development and throughout the life of the organism, to support tissue remodeling. For many years, bone was defined anatomically and examined largely in a descriptive manner by ultrastructural analysis and by biochemical and histochemical methods. These studies provided the basis for our understanding of bone tissue organization and orchestration of the progressive recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of the various cellular components of bone tissue. Now, complemented by an increased knowledge of molecular mechanisms that are associated with and regulate expression of genes encoding phenotypic compone...

Molecular mechanism mediating proliferation, defferentiation interralationships during progressie development of the osteoblast phenotype

In recent years, gas sensors have been increasingly used in industrial production and daily life. Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensing materials are favoured for their outstanding physical and chemical properties, low cost and simple preparation methods. However, the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors have not been considered by researchers, resulting in omissions and errors in the interpretation of gas sensing mechanisms in many articles. This review organizes and introduces several common gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors in detail and classifies them into two categories. The scope and relationship of these mechanisms are clarified. In addition, this review selects four strategies for enhancing the gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconductors and analyses the gas sensing mechanisms to highlight the importance of the gas sensing mechanism. Finally, some perspectives for future investigations on the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors are discussed as well.

Gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors: a focus review

In remote communities where it is not economical and practically possible to take the grid connection, stand-alone small hydro systems can be used to fulfill the energy requirement Small-scale hydroelectric power systems are emerging as a promising source of renewable energy generation, but they require low cost hydraulic and electric equipments to make them economically feasible In such plants, pumps can be used in turbine mode considering various advantages associated with pump eg ease of availability, proven technology, low initial and maintenance cost, availability for a wide range of heads and flows, etc The efficiency of pump as turbine (PAT) is usually lower than that of conventional hydro turbines However, efficiency is not the primary selection criterion for such machines and it is recommended to operate such machines around maximum efficiency point In the present study, different turbines suitable for micro-hydropower plants are discussed The historical development of PAT is described The review of the state-of-the-art of pump running in turbine mode is presented Different pumps suitable to run in turbine mode for low capacity power generation in micro-hydropower plants as well as in water supply piping systems are discussed Theoretical, experimental and numerical investigations carried out by different researchers on PAT are reviewed The research work on PAT including criteria for selection of pump running as turbine, cavitation analysis, force analysis, loss distribution, various methods of performance enhancement, cost analysis of hydropower plant with conventional hydro turbine and PAT, applications of PAT in water supply pipelines, etc is discussed The worldwide implementation of PAT and different manufacturers of PAT are described The limitations in implementation of PAT as well as the recommendations to improve the performance of PAT are described The current trends and future scope for the further improvement and implementation of PAT are also discussed

Investigations on pump running in turbine mode: A review of the state-of-the-art

Poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability of an active pharmaceutical ingredient are the major constraints during the development of new product. Various approaches have been used for enhancement of solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs, but success of these approaches depends on physical and chemical nature of molecules being developed. Cocrystallization of drug substances offers a great opportunity for the development of new drug products with superior physicochemical such as melting point, tabletability, solubility, stability, bioavailability and permeability, while preserving the pharmacological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cocrystals are multicomponent systems in which two components, an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a coformer were present in stoichiometric ratio and bonded together with non-covalent interactions in the crystal lattice. This review article presents a systematic overview of pharmaceutical cocrystals. Differences between cocrystals with salts, solvates and hydrates are summarized along with the advantages of cocrystals with examples. The theoretical parameters underlying the selection of coformers and screening of cocrystals have been summarized and different methods of cocrystal formation and evaluation have been explained.

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Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: An Overview

Principles of acoustic devices

An experimental investigation of centrifugal pump has been carried out to study its characteristics in pump and turbine mode operation. By using the experimental results of tested pump and pumps of some previous researchers, new correlations have been developed by using its best efficiency and specific speed in pump mode. Values obtained from the derived correlations show good match with experimental results. These correlations would be very helpful for the performance prediction of pump working as turbine. Key words: PAT; Centrifugal pump; Specific speed; Best efficiency point

/pdf/experimental-investigation-of-centrifugal-pump-working-as-1ln24uqnzu.pdf

Experimental Investigation of Centrifugal Pump Working as Turbine for Small Hydropower Systems

In this article, two different multiobjective fuzzy portfolio selection models are presented. The significant criteria considered for portfolio selection are risk (variance or conditional value at risk), return, liquidity, and entropy. Here, the return of the portfolio is considered to be satisfied by a minimum return threshold constraint. Also, to introduce some degree of diversification in the model, a lower and upper bound constraint on investment in an asset is used along with the capital budget and no short selling constraints. Trapezoidal fuzzy returns are considered to incorporate the inherent uncertainty of the stock market, which is handled by using the credibility theory. The weighted sum approach is used to aggregate the objectives and characterize different investor attitudes. Random sample portfolios with progressively increasing sample sizes are generated that obey the constraints of the portfolio models. These random sample portfolios with multiple inputs (risk and entropy) and multiple outputs (return and liquidity) are evaluated in terms of their performance by using data envelopment analysis. Furthermore, a frontier improvement technique existing in the literature is used to rebalance the inefficient random sample portfolios to make them efficient, so that an investor may have more avenues to select efficient portfolios. A detailed numerical illustration with a simulation study using different sample sizes is presented to substantiate the proposed study.

Multiobjective Fuzzy Portfolio Performance Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis Under Credibilistic Framework

This report describes a CCM key comparison of hydraulic pressure standards of nine National Metrology Institutes that was carried out in the period from November 2002 to June 2004 in order to determine their degrees of equivalence in the range 10 MPa to 100 MPa of the gauge pressure. The pilot laboratory was PTB. The primary pressure standards were pressure balances of different design equipped with piston-cylinder assemblies operated in freedeformation, controlled-clearance or re-entrant operation mode. The transfer standard was a pressure balance equipped with a piston-cylinder assembly and a mass set. The pressuredependent effective areas of the transfer standard at specified pressures were reported by the participants and led to the reference values calculated as medians. All participants’ results agree with the reference values and with each other within the expanded uncertainties calculated with a coverage factor 2, most of them even within their standard uncertainties. In addition, the results were analysed in terms of the zero pressure effective area and the pressure distortion coefficient. Also for them agreement within expanded uncertainties (k=2) is observed. The results of the comparison demonstrate equivalence of the laboratory standards and support their measurement capability statements.

Final Report on Key Comparison CCM.P-K7 in the range 10 MPa to 100 MPa of hydraulic gauge pressure

Metrology plays the key role as the engine of industrial revolution and growth of any country. It promotes global competence and confidence. With the advent of better quality products through metrological advancement, our industries can compete internationally and to overcome trade barriers/constraints and finally to achieve exports targets. This translates into growth of industries through rapid industrialization, economic growth and societal upliftment. The metrology requires continued and sustained efforts to cater the stakeholders’ demands for advancements in measurement technologies, standards and measurement techniques for more and more precise, reliable, reproducible and accurate measurements with improved measurement uncertainties. In this context, the recent revolutionary changes in redefinition of SI units based on fundamental constants were unanimously voted for adoption by world community during November 16, 2018, at Versailles, France, and implemented world over from May 20, 2019—the World Metrology Day. Therefore, it was considered appropriate to compile a brief status report and apprise the readers about these historical events. The present paper touches glimpse of some of these activities and describes the implications of these changes in our daily life.

Sanjay Yadav

Papers

Experimental Investigation of Centrifugal Pump Working as Turbine for Small Hydropower Systems

Multiobjective Fuzzy Portfolio Performance Evaluation Using Data Envelopment Analysis Under Credibilistic Framework

Final Report on Key Comparison CCM.P-K7 in the range 10 MPa to 100 MPa of hydraulic gauge pressure

Redefined SI Units and Their Implications

Data envelopment analysis based fuzzy multi-objective portfolio selection model involving higher moments