世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

For base year 2010, anthropogenic activities created ~210 (190 to 230) TgN of reactive nitrogen Nr from N2. This human-caused creation of reactive nitrogen in 2010 is at least 2 times larger than the rate of natural terrestrial creation of ~58 TgN (50 to 100 TgN yr−1) (Table 6.9, Section 1a). Note that the estimate of natural terrestrial biological fixation (58 TgN yr−1) is lower than former estimates (100 TgN yr−1, Galloway et al., 2004), but the ranges overlap, 50 to 100 TgN yr−1 vs. 90 to 120 TgN yr−1, respectively). Of this created reactive nitrogen, NOx and NH3 emissions from anthropogenic sources are about fourfold greater than natural emissions (Table 6.9, Section 1b). A greater portion of the NH3 emissions is deposited to the continents rather than to the oceans, relative to the deposition of NOy, due to the longer atmospheric residence time of the latter. These deposition estimates are lower limits, as they do not include organic nitrogen species. New model and measurement information (Kanakidou et al., 2012) suggests that incomplete inclusion of emissions and atmospheric chemistry of reduced and oxidized organic nitrogen components in current models may lead to systematic underestimates of total global reactive nitrogen deposition by up to 35% (Table 6.9, Section 1c). Discharge of reactive nitrogen to the coastal oceans is ~45 TgN yr−1 (Table 6.9, Section 1d). Denitrification converts Nr back to atmospheric N2. The current estimate for the production of atmospheric N2 is 110 TgN yr−1 (Bouwman et al., 2013).

/pdf/carbon-and-other-biogeochemical-cycles-3abybm74qt.pdf

Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000050288/18451059

Renewable Power-to-Gas: A technological and economic review

Methane (CH4) is the second-most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Recently, CH4 concentration increase in the atmosphere has been observed to level-off. We analyze the emission trends based on statistics from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and show, using a single box model, that the decrease in the reported emissions from industrialized countries contribute to the reduced increase in CH4 concentration. The total reduction in CH4 emissions from industrial countries was 25 Tg yr–1 between 1990 and 2003. The reductions consisted of landfill gas recovery and other waste management policies, CH4 collection in coal mines, the repairing of gas networks, and structural changes in economy. Our study implies that the reduction of CH4 emissions can effectively mitigate climate change on a short time scale, and that the first results of mitigation measures are already observable in the atmosphere. However, there is an evident risk that the methane concentration will start to rise again due to increasing emissions from developing countries.

The mitigation of methane emissions from industrialized countries can explain the atmospheric concentration level-off

Technical and economic implications of wind power integration in the Finnish energy system: A stochastic/probabilistic scenario analysis for 2030

Energy storage is an emerging solution to mitigate the intermittency of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation and includes several technologies that could also be applied in small-scale residential applications. However, energy storage systems have not yet seen wide-scale integration into the energy systems of buildings, due to the inherently high investment costs of energy storages. Nevertheless, as new EU policies suggest stricter climate targets for 2030, including proposals to increase the share of renewable energy in the building sector to 49 %, a potential widescale integration of solar PV systems combined with various energy storage technologies in many types of buildings could follow. Subsequently, this paper models the use of lithium-ion battery storage (LIB), hydrogen storage, and thermal energy storage (TES) in detached houses in southern Finland, in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of utilizing energy storages to enhance residential photovoltaic electricity generation. This study found that solar PV systems without selling surplus electricity to the grid were profitable up to a renewable fraction of 10 % with 2019 market prices and up to 35 % with the 2021 unusually high market prices. The possibility of selling the surplus electricity to the grid improves the profitability further, up to a renewable fraction of 20 % with 2019 market prices and up to 50 % with 2021 market prices. Out of the examined energy storage technologies, LIB storage turned out to be the most financially feasible storage option with costs relatively close to stand-alone solar PV systems in many scenarios, whereas utilizing either hydrogen storage or TES and HP in combination with solar PV systems turned out to be multiple times more expensive than using grid electricity to power detached houses. Consequently, this paper found that integrating energy storage systems with photovoltaic power generation in individual detached houses would require either sustained high electricity market prices or subsidies to be economically viable in the Nordic climate. 

/pdf/feasibility-study-of-energy-storage-options-for-photovoltaic-e1dwaj9w.pdf

Feasibility study of energy storage options for photovoltaic electricity generation in detached houses in Nordic climates

During 2010-2013, Baltic Countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), deregulated their power markets and joined the Nord-Pool market. Today, major share of electricity in Baltic countries is produced from fossil fuels. Over the past years, the increasing penetration of renewable energy systems intensified in order to meet the European targets. In particular, installing wind power dramatically rises as a result of a great potential in Northern Europe. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the possible impacts of growing wind power on market power potential in Baltic countries’ electricity market. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), which is a common measure of market concentration, is chosen to conduct this exploratory study. HHI index trend in Baltic over the years is evaluated and compared with the rise of wind power. The results show how Baltic area is a highly concentrated marketplace, but wind power is partly changing this.

Sanna Syri

Papers

The mitigation of methane emissions from industrialized countries can explain the atmospheric concentration level-off

Technical and economic implications of wind power integration in the Finnish energy system: A stochastic/probabilistic scenario analysis for 2030

Feasibility study of energy storage options for photovoltaic electricity generation in detached houses in Nordic climates

The impact of wind power on electricity market competition in the Baltic countries

Consumer Demand of Renewable Energy Services - Case Studies on Finland, Germany, Great Britain, USA and China