Application of commercial microwave ovens to organic synthesis.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful and rapidly developing area of molecular imaging that is used to study and visualize human physiology by the detection of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. Information about metabolism, receptor/enzyme function, and biochemical mechanisms in living tissue can be obtained directly from PET experiments. Unlike magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT), which mainly provide detailed anatomical images, PET can measure chemical changes that occur before macroscopic anatomical signs of a disease are observed. PET is emerging as a revolutionary method for measuring body function and tailoring disease treatment in living subjects. The development of synthetic strategies for the synthesis of new positron-emitting molecules is, however, not trivial. This Review highlights key aspects of the synthesis of PET radiotracers with the short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (11)C, (18)F, (15)O, and (13)N, with emphasis on the most recent strategies.

Synthesis of 11C, 18F, 15O, and 13N Radiolabels for Positron Emission Tomography

Metal oxide nanoparticles are an important class of nanomaterials that have found several applications in science and technology. Through wet chemical synthesis, it is possible to achieve selective surface structures, phases, shapes, and sizes of metal oxide nanoparticles, leading to a set of desired properties. Wet chemical synthesis routes allow fine tuning of the reaction conditions (temperature, concentration of substrate, additives or surfactants, pH, etc.) to afford the desired nanomaterials. In this review article, we highlight recent developments in the wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles to provide great control over the quality of the obtained nanomaterials. The review critically evaluates the different wet chemical methods for scalable production of metal oxide nanoparticles to satisfy the growing industrial demand for nanomaterials. Special attention is paid to continuous flow synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Wet chemical synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles: a review

Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for positron emission tomography.

It is possible to prepare biaryls in good yield very rapidy (5-10 min) on small (1 mmol) and larger (10-20 mmol) scales from aryl halides and phenylboronic acid using water as a solvent and palladium acetate as catalyst. The reaction can be performed equally well using microwave and conventional heating, showing that using these conditions probably no nonthermal microwave effects are associated with the impressive speed of the reaction.

Rapid and amenable suzuki coupling reaction in water using microwave and conventional heating.

Synthesis of 15O-labeled butanol via organoborane chemistry.

Chlorination of organoboranes: synthesis of (z)-vinyl chlorides

Synthese des aldehydes(I) par carbonylation avec 13 CO d'alkyl-9bora-9bicyclo [3.3.1] nonane (obtenu par borhydratation d'alcenes avec le bora-9bicyclo [3.3.1] nonane dans le THF). Etude de l'oxydation et de la reduction de ces aldehydes

Synthesis of carbon-13 labeled aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols via organoborane chemistry

Synthesis of Oxygen-17 Labeled Alcohols Via Organoborane Reactions

The reaction of trialkylboranes with n-chloroalkylamines to produce a wide variety of functionally substituted dialkylamines in good yield is reported. The reaction is presumed to occur via an anionotropic migration of an alkyl group from boron to nitrogen. The possibility of a competitive free-radical reaction occurring is evidenced by the formation of alkyl chlorides as byproducts. Results of syntheses by this method are presented in one table, and data documenting the competitive free-radical reaction is contained in a second table.

Sastry A. Kunda

Papers

Synthesis of 15O-labeled butanol via organoborane chemistry.

Chlorination of organoboranes: synthesis of (z)-vinyl chlorides

Synthesis of carbon-13 labeled aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols via organoborane chemistry

Synthesis of Oxygen-17 Labeled Alcohols Via Organoborane Reactions

Synthesis of dialkylamines via the reaction of organoboranes with N-chloroalkylamines