This critical review shows the basis of photocatalytic water splitting and experimental points, and surveys heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting into H2 and O2, and H2 or O2 evolution from an aqueous solution containing a sacrificial reagent Many oxides consisting of metal cations with d0 and d10 configurations, metal (oxy)sulfide and metal (oxy)nitride photocatalysts have been reported, especially during the latest decade The fruitful photocatalyst library gives important information on factors affecting photocatalytic performances and design of new materials Photocatalytic water splitting and H2 evolution using abundant compounds as electron donors are expected to contribute to construction of a clean and simple system for solar hydrogen production, and a solution of global energy and environmental issues in the future (361 references)

Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting

2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Jenny Schneider,*,† Masaya Matsuoka,‡ Masato Takeuchi,‡ Jinlong Zhang, Yu Horiuchi,‡ Masakazu Anpo,‡ and Detlef W. Bahnemann*,† †Institut fur Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universitaẗ Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, D-30167 Hannover, Germany ‡Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai Osaka 599-8531, Japan Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

Understanding TiO2 photocatalysis: mechanisms and materials.

Nano-sized TiO 2 photocatalytic water-splitting technology has great potential for low-cost, environmentally friendly solar-hydrogen production to support the future hydrogen economy. Presently, the solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency is too low for the technology to be economically sound. The main barriers are the rapid recombination of photo-generated electron/hole pairs as well as backward reaction and the poor activation of TiO 2 by visible light. In response to these deficiencies, many investigators have been conducting research with an emphasis on effective remediation methods. Some investigators studied the effects of addition of sacrificial reagents and carbonate salts to prohibit rapid recombination of electron/hole pairs and backward reactions. Other research focused on the enhancement of photocatalysis by modification of TiO 2 by means of metal loading, metal ion doping, dye sensitization, composite semiconductor, anion doping and metal ion-implantation. This paper aims to review the up-to-date development of the above-mentioned technologies applied to TiO 2 photocatalytic hydrogen production. Based on the studies reported in the literature, metal ion-implantation and dye sensitization are very effective methods to extend the activating spectrum to the visible range. Therefore, they play an important role in the development of efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production.

A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO2 for hydrogen production

Photochemical splitting of water into H2 and O2 using solar energy is a process of great economic and environmental interest. Since the discovery of the first water splitting system based on TiO2 and Pt in 1972 by Fujishima and Honda, over 130 inorganic materials have been discovered as catalysts for this reaction. This review discusses the known inorganic catalysts with a focus on structure–activity relationships.

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Inorganic Materials as Catalysts for Photochemical Splitting of Water

▪ Abstract Recent research trends of the preparation and characterization of highly efficient titanium oxide–based photocatalysts are reviewed on the basis of studies done in our laboratory. Special attention is focused on the preparation and characterization of active sites of highly dispersed titanium oxide species within mesoporous matrices and on titanium oxide–based binary catalysts such as Ti/Si and Ti/B oxides and unique visible light-responsive second-generation TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by an advanced metal-ion-implantation and RF magnetron sputtering deposition method. Highly dispersed titanium oxide species within mesoporous frameworks and titanium oxide–based binary catalysts exhibit high and unique photocatalytic activities for various reactions, such as the direct decomposition of NOx. These species also have photo-induced superhydrophiric properties. It is of significance that visible light-responsive TiO2 photocatalysts can be applied to the decomposition of NOx in air and the degradati...

The preparation and characterization of highly efficient titanium oxide-based photofunctional materials

Design and development of titanium oxide photocatalysts operating under visible and UV light irradiation.: The applications of metal ion-implantation techniques to semiconducting TiO2 and Ti/zeolite catalysts

https://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/c4/c4cc02397h/c4cc02397h1.pdf

Development of a Ru complex-incorporated MOF photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation

A catalytically competent Cu species has been immobilized within the framework of a Zr-based metal–organic framework with bipyridine units, Zr-MOF-bpy, by a simple postsynthetic modification method from CuBr2 (Zr-MOF-bpy-CuBr2) and used for the selective oxidation of cyclooctene to cyclooctene oxide. Zr-MOF-bpy was synthesized by a simple solvothermal method and was shown to have a UiO-type structure. Diffuse reflectance UV–vis and XAFS measurements have revealed that the immobilized Cu species has a square-planar geometry of two N atoms and two Br atoms. Zr-MOF-bpy-CuBr2 catalyzed the selective oxidation of cyclooctene to cyclooctene oxide with high activity and selectivity in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant. In addition, the catalytic ability of Zr-MOF-bpy-CuBr2 was demonstrated to be superior to that of the corresponding homogeneous catalyst ((bpy)CuBr2). It was also confirmed that Zr-MOF-bpy-CuBr2 can be reused as a heterogeneous catalyst without significant loss of its activity...

Immobilization of Cu Complex into Zr-Based MOF with Bipyridine Units for Heterogeneous Selective Oxidation

Titanium−silicon binary oxide thin films of differing TiO2 content were prepared by using an ionized cluster beam (ICB) deposition method using multi-ion sources under a dry preparation process. From the results of UV−vis absorption measurements, binary oxide thin films with low TiO2 content showed much higher transmittance as compared with the pure TiO2 thin film, indicating that the Ti−oxide species of these Ti−Si binary oxide thin films exist in a highly dispersed state within the SiO2 matrices. Ti K-edge XAFS measurements revealed that such binary oxide thin films with low TiO2 content (less than 20%) showed only a sharp preedge peak attributed to the highly dispersed Ti−oxide species which are different from the peaks of anatase TiO2 thin films. Moreover, they were found to exhibit much higher and more efficient photocatalytic reactivity for the decomposition of NO into N2 and O2 under UV light irradiation than the pure TiO2 thin films.

Preparation of Titanium−Silicon Binary Oxide Thin Film Photocatalysts by an Ionized Cluster Beam Deposition Method. Their Photocatalytic Activity and Photoinduced Super-Hydrophilicity

Satoru Dohshi

Papers

The preparation and characterization of highly efficient titanium oxide-based photofunctional materials

Design and development of titanium oxide photocatalysts operating under visible and UV light irradiation.: The applications of metal ion-implantation techniques to semiconducting TiO2 and Ti/zeolite catalysts

Development of a Ru complex-incorporated MOF photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation

Immobilization of Cu Complex into Zr-Based MOF with Bipyridine Units for Heterogeneous Selective Oxidation

Preparation of Titanium−Silicon Binary Oxide Thin Film Photocatalysts by an Ionized Cluster Beam Deposition Method. Their Photocatalytic Activity and Photoinduced Super-Hydrophilicity