Increasing urbanization and industrialization have led to a phenomenal growth in transportation demand worldwide, coupled with a concentration of vehicles in metropolitan cities. With regard to increasingly stringent emission legislation natural gas is gaining interest as a transportation fuel with worldwide over 19 million natural gas vehicles in operation. This paper presents the worldwide background, prospects and challenges of natural gas fuel and natural gas fueled vehicles along with environmental and economic aspects of compressed natural gas as a transformation fuel. Technical aspects of compressed natural gas properties, storage, safety problems and its effect on engine performance, efficiency, emissions and barriers to natural gas vehicles adaptation are discussed in detail. The main indicators selected for the comparative assessment of natural gas as vehicular fuel are: economic, emission performance and safety aspect. The results showed that CNG has several advantages over both diesel and gasoline fuel, including considerable emission and cost reductions.

Technical overview of compressed natural gas (CNG) as a transportation fuel

Biodiesels are gaining more importance as a promising alternative energy resource. Engine performance and emission characteristics of unmodified biodiesel fueled diesel engines are highly influenced by its ignition and combustion behavior. This review article presents the literature review on ignition delay (ID), combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fueled diesel engine. More than hundred articles report which have been published mostly in the last decade are reviewed in this paper. The investigation results report that the combustion characteristics of bio fueled engine is slightly different from the engine running with petroleum diesel. Most of the investigation results have reported that as compared to diesel, biodiesel has early start of combustion (SOC) and shorter ID of between 1–5° and 0.25–1.0°, respectively. Higher cetane number (CN), lower compressibility and fatty acid composition of biodiesel have been identified as the main elements for early SOC and shorter ID. In addition, it is also found that, the heat release rate (HRR) of biodiesel is slightly lower than diesel owing to the lower calorific value, lower volatility, shorter ID and higher viscosity.

Ignition delay, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel

Impact of compression ratio and injection parameters on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine fueled with biodiesel-blended diesel fuel

Combustion and emission characteristics of a natural gas-fueled diesel engine with EGR

Effect of injection parameters on the combustion and emission characteristics in a common-rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel

Natural gas is promising alternative fuel to meet strict engine emission regulations in many countries. Compressed natural gas (CNG) has long been used in stationary engines, but the application of CNG as a transport engines fuel has been conside rably advanced over the last decade by the development of lightweight high-pressure storage cy linders. Engine conversion technology is well established and suitable conversion equipment is re adily available. For spark ignition engines there a re two options, a bi-fuel conversion and use a dedicat ed to CNG engine. For compression ignition engines converted to run on natural gas, there are two main options discussed, there are dual-fuel engines and normal ignition can be initiated. Natur al gas engines can operate at lean burn and stoichiometric conditions with different combustion and emission characteristics. In this paper, the CNG engines research and development fueled using CNG are highlighted to keep the output power, torque and emissions of natural gas engines compara ble to their gasoline or diesel counterparts. The high activities for future CNG engines research and development to meet future CNG engines is recorded in the paper.

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A Technical Review of Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

Fuel injection pressures in diesel engine plays an important role for engine performance obtaining treatment of combustion. The present diesel engines such as fuel direct injection, the pressures can be increased about 100 â 200 Mpa bar in fuel pump injection system. The experimental investigated effects of fuel injection pressure on engine performance. Experiments have been performed on a diesel engine with four-cylinder, two-stroke, direct injection. Engine performance values such as indicated pressure, indicated horse power, shaft horse power, brake horse power, break mean effective pressure and fuel consumption have been investigated both of variation engine speeds - fixed load and fixed engine speed â variation loads by changing the fuel injection pressure from 180 to 220 bar. According to the results, the best performance of the pressure injection has been obtained at
220 bar, specific fuel consumption has been obtained at 200 bar for fixed load â variation speeds and at 180 bar for variation loads â fixed speed. The results of the experiment have given as graphics in this paper.

Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment

Effect of combustion temperature in the engine cylinder of diesel engine convert to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine was presents in this study. The objective of this study was to investigate the engine cylinder combustion temperature effect of diesel engine convert to CNG engine on variation engine speed. Problem statement: The hypothesis was that the lower performance of CNG engine was caused by the effect of lower in engine cylinder temperature. Are the CNG engine is lower cylinder temperature than diesel engine? This research was conducted to investigate the cylinder temperature of CNG engine as a new engine compared to diesel engine as a baseline engine. Approach: In this study, the combustion temperature was investigated in 7 cases engine speed. The engine speeds variation start from 1000 rpm until 4000 rpm with variation in 500 rpm. The engine conversion development and combustion temperature investigation was conducted at automotive laboratory, faculty of mechanical engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. Results: The results of the combustion temperature in the engine cylinder in variation engine speeds showed that diesel engine convert to CNG engine effect decrease the combustion temperature in the engine cylinder characteristics. Conclusion/Recommendations: In the low speed the conversion can be increase the combustion temperature, but the increasing engine speeds can be decrease the combustion temperature in the engine cylinder.

Combustion Temperature Effect of Diesel Engine Convert to Compressed Natural Gas Engine

High consumption of fuel and emissions from ships has brought a new perspective tospeed optimization of ship. The reducing in fuel consumption can provide higher savings on the total cost of the vessel. Some regulations on environmental issues have been designated by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other bodies. This research is based on the development of speed optimization. With case studies of MV. Meratus Mamiri which serving routes of Tj. Priok port-Tj. Perak port, Indonesia. The result of this study expected reduce the fuel consumption and emission of the ship based on speed optimization.

The Effect of Vessel Speed on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions

Problem statement: The Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a gaseous form of natural gas, it have been recognized as one of the promising alternative fuel due to its substantial benefits compared to gasoline and diesel. Natural gas is produced from gas wells or tied in with crude oil production. Approach: Natural gas is promising alternative fuel to meet strict engine emission regulations in many countries. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has long been used in stationary engines, but the application of CNG as a transport engines fuel has been considerably advanced over the last decade by the development of lightweight high-pressure storage cylinders. Results: The technology of engine conversion was well established and suitable conversion equipment is readily available. For petrol engines or spark ignition engines there are two options, a bi-fuel conversion and use a dedicated to CNG engine. The diesel engines converted or designed to run on natural gas, there were two main options discussed. There are dual-fuel engines and normal ignition can be initiated. Natural gas engines can be operated at lean burn and stoichiometric conditions with different combustion and emission characteristics. Conclusions: In this study, the low exhaust gas emissions of CNG engines research and development were highlighted. Stoichiometric natural gas engines were briefly reviewed. To keep the output power, torque and emissions of natural gas engines comparable to their gasoline or diesel counterparts. High activity for future green CNG engines research and development to meet future stringent emissions standards was recorded in the study.

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Papers

A Technical Review of Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment

Combustion Temperature Effect of Diesel Engine Convert to Compressed Natural Gas Engine

The Effect of Vessel Speed on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions

Green Engines Development Using Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel: A Review