Showing papers in "American Journal of Environmental Sciences in 2009"

The Characteristics of Leachate and Groundwater Pollution at Municipal Solid Waste Landfill of Ibb City, Yemen

Abstract: Problem statement: Yemen one of the developing country suffering from water pollution. Landfill is one of the source of water pollution. There are several boreholes located close to Ibb landfill used for drinking water. A study of composition of landfill leachate and groundwater pollution was conducted at Ibb landfill, which is located at Al-Sahool area, north of Ibb City, Yemen. Approach: The leachate was sampled at three different locations of the landfill, at the landfill itself and 15 and 20 m downstream of this landfill. Groundwater samples collected from 5 boreholes to study possible impact of leachate percolation into groundwater. Leachate and groundwater samples were collected during dry season only, due to the excessive generation of leachate during this season. Objective of this study was significant to assess degree of groundwater pollution due to Ibb landfill leachate at Al-Sahool area. The leachate and groundwater were physically and chemically characterized by using spectrophotometer HACH, BOD Trak HACH, flame photometer (PFP 7) and Inductively Coupled Plasma of Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) model Vista MPX. Parameters measured were pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fluoride (F), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Nitrites (NO2), Nitrates (NO3), ammonia-N (NH3-N), heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu), major cations (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe) and biological parameters (COD, BOD5 and coliform group bacteria). Results: The results showed that, leachate at landfill most likely in methanogenic phase, based on the alkaline pH value recorded (pH = 8.46). The results also showed that 4 out of 5 boreholes were contaminated, where concentration of physico-chemical parameters are above the standard acceptable levels which required for drinking water adapted by Yemen's ministry of water and environment and by word standard. Conclusion: Therefore, landfill is dangerous for environment so government should do sanitary landfill to prevent further contamination to surface water, groundwater as well as soil.

Heavy Metals Analysis and Sediment Quality Values in Urban Lakes

Abstract: Problem statement: The objective of this research was to evaluate the degree of heavy metal contamination in lakes and the extent to whic h the sediment quality of the lakes of Bangalore city has deteriorated. Approach: In this study, heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Cr , Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn in lake bed sediments were analyzed using comparative sediment quality guidelines from various derived criteria. The selection of sampling points was based upon inflow and outflow regions of the lakes; geographical proximity of industrial units i n relation to their effluent discharges; proximity of residential sites located on the banks of the wetla nd systems; drainage patterns and accessibility towards the lakes. Digestion and analysis of the sa mples were done by microwave-assisted digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry respectivel y. Results: The extent of sediment quality deterioration was more pronounced in Cu (203.50 ppm) and Ni (97.64 ppm) followed by Pb (206.0 ppm) and Cd (8.38 ppm). Cr (96.70 ppm) failed a single sediment quality guideline while Zn (220.0 ppm), Mn (176.0 ppm) and Co (47.7 ppm) remained within the safety levels of sediment quality guidelines prescribed for the study. The Sediment G eo-accumulation Index showed that Co, Cu and Pb showed moderate levels of pollution while the Pollu tion Load Index (PLI) between heavy metals in the lakes produced the following outputs: Ni > Pb > Cd > Cu > Cr > Co > Zn > Mn. Conclusion: This study proves that the level of sustained metal cont amination of the fragile urban wetlands has not receded even after the recent urban wetlands rejuve nation works were completed. This prolonged presence in excessive levels of the studied heavy m etals in the bed sediments casts doubt on the choic e and effectiveness of the any mitigation measures in the long run.

Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Poultry and Poultry Environment of Bangladesh

Abstract: Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli were made from poultry sources of different poultry markets in the capital city of Bangladesh. Out of total 250 samples, 50 from each of cloacal swab, intestinal fluid, egg surface, faecal material and hand wash of chicken handlers, 145 (58%) were found to be positive for E. coli prevalence. 80 selected strains were thoroughly characterized by standard cultural and biochemical tests followed by final identification using latex agglutination test with several polyvalent anti-sera. 50 identified strains were subjected to 13 antimicrobial agents to check their susceptibility. 88%, 82%, 80%, 76%, 70%, 68%, 64%, 58%, 52%, and 20% of the tested Escherichia coli strains from poultry sources were found resistant respectively to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Riphampicin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Cefixine, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and Chloramphenicol and Neomycin. None of the strains showed resistance to Norfloxacin and Gentamicin. Sensitivity was recorded in case of 86%, 80%, 60%, 36%, 30%, and 26% of the strains to Norfloxacin, Gentamicin and Chloramphenicol, Neomycin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin and Ampicillin, respectively. Intermediate resistance/ susceptibility to various antibiotics were observed for 12-36% Escherichia coli strains. Both, resistance and susceptibility were exhibited against Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin and Norfloxacin. Multi drug resistance was recorded in case of 6-10 antibiotics for all strains tested. More cautions are recommended for personnel hygiene in processing and handling of poultry and poultry products. Excess use or abuse of antibiotics should be reduced or stopped by judicious application of antibiotics for the safety of public health.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution onto a Low-Cost Natural Jordanian Tripoli

Abstract: Problem statement: It is well documented that lead is one of contaminants of industrial wastewaters and its pollution exists in the wastewater of many industries. As a result, recent research has focused on the development of cost effective alternatives using various natural sources and industrial wastes. In this setting, the use of low-cost agricultural materials, waste and residues for recovering heavy metals from contaminated industrial effluent has emerged as a potential alternative method to high cost adsorbents. In the present study, adsorption of lead(II) ions onto Orange Peel (OP), a typical agricultural byproduct, was investigated systematically with the variation in the parameters of pH, sorbent dosage, contact time and the initial concentration of adsorbate. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also calculated to describe the adsorption mechanism. Approach: The Orange Peel (OP) was obtained from a local market in the south of Jordan. The orange peel was cut into small pieces using scissors. Then OP was dried at 100°C for 24 h using hot air oven. Qualitative analyses of the main functional groups involved in metal adsorption were performed using a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer FTIR 1605, ¨Uberlingen, Germany). Biosorption experiments were carried out in a thermostatic shaker at 180 rpm and at an ambient temperature (20±2°C) using 250 mL shaking flasks containing 100 mL of different concentrations and initial pH values of Pb(II) solutions, prepared from reagent grade salt Pb(NO3)2 (Merck). The initial pH values of the solutions were previously adjusted with 0.1 M HNO3 or NaOH and measured using a hand held pH meters (315i/SET). The sorbent (0.2-1.0 g) was added to each flask and then the flasks were sealed up to prevent change of volume of the solution during the experiments. After shaking the flasks for predetermined time intervals, the samples were withdrawn from the flasks and filtered through a Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was analyzed by AAS (Perkin Elmer Analyst 300). Results: Four kinetic models are the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion equations, were selected to interpret the adsorption data. Kinetic parameters such as the rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. The linear Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe equilibrium isotherms and both models fitted well. The monolayer adsorption capacity was found as 21.1 mg g-1 at pH 6 and 20°C.The dimensionless separation factor (RL) has shown that orange peel can be used for removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The nagative free energy of adsorption indicated that the adsorption of lead (II) ions onto orange peel was feasible and spontaneous. Conclusion: The sorption capacity of the orange peel is comparable to the other available adsorbents and it is quite cheaper.

Time Series Analysis Model for Rainfall Data in Jordan: Case Study for Using Time Series Analysis

Abstract: Problem statement: Time series analysis and forecasting has become a major tool in different applications in hydrology and environmental management fields. Among the most effective approaches for analyzing time series data is the model introduced by Box and Jenkins, ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average). Approach: In this study we used Box-Jenkins methodology to build ARIMA model for monthly rainfall data taken for Amman airport station for the period from 1922-1999 with a total of 936 readings. Results: In this research, ARIMA (1, 0, 0) (0, 1, 1)12 model was developed. This model is used to forecasting the monthly rainfall for the upcoming 10 years to help decision makers establish priorities in terms of water demand management. Conclusion/Recommendations: An intervention time series analysis could be used to forecast the peak values of rainfall data.

Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Poultry and Poultry Environment of Bangladesh

Abstract: Problem statement: Increased emergence in microbial resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem in Bangladesh, a tropical country with a large agrarian population having limited medical facilities. Wide spread use of antimicrobials in poultry farming here is a concern of multi-drug microbial resistance development that can potentially be transmitted to human pathogens even from non-pathogenic carrier strains. Attempt was made to assess drug susceptibility in Escherichia coli from poultry sources of Bangladesh. Approach: Eighty selected strains isolated from poultry sources were thoroughly characterized by standard cultural and biochemical tests followed by final identification using latex agglutination test of polyvalent anti-sera, from which 50 were tested for susceptibility to 13 antibiotics following disk diffusion method. Results: 145 (58 %) samples, out of total 250, were found positive for E. coli. 52-88 % of tested E. coli strains from poultry sources were found resistant to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Riphampicin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Cefixine, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and 20 % strains showed resistance to both Chloramphenicol and Neomycin. No strains showed resistance to Norfloxacin and Gentamicin. Sensitivity was recorded in case of 60-86 % strains to Norfloxacin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, and Neomycin; and 26-36 % strains against Tetracycline, Streptomycin, and Ampicillin. Intermediate resistance/ susceptibility to various antibiotics were observed for 12-36 % Escherichia coli strains. Both, resistance and susceptibility were exhibited against Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin and Norfloxacin. Multi drug resistance was found in case of 6-10 antibiotics for all strains tested. Conclusion: Further study is required on the role of poultry borne bacteria as vectors in transmitting drug resistance. Attention is to be paid for personnel hygiene in processing and handling of poultry and poultry products; and excess use or abuse of antibiotics should be reduced or stopped by the judicious application of antibiotics for the safety of public health in Bangladesh.

Toxicity testing and the effect of landfill leachate in Malaysia on behavior of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae).

Abstract: Problem Statement: Landfill leachate had been implicated in environmental pollution, developmental anomalies, birth defect and surface and groundwater pollution worldwide. This study has been conducted to determine the toxicity of landfill leachate from three different landfills in Malaysia on fry common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae) in combination with some physico-chemical parameters analysis. Approach: Leachates were collected from Air Hitam (AHL), Ampar Tenang (ATL) and Sungai Sedu (SSL) landfills. The experiments were performed as three replicates using a total of 180 carps for each definitive test. The semi-static renewal method of acute toxicity test was used. The data obtained were statically evaluated by the use of the EPA computer program based on Finney’s Probit Analysis Method. Results: The leachate used in this study had an invariable of (1640-7600 mg L-1) COD and (321.22-956.86 mg L-1) Ammonical-N. The 96 h LC50 values of landfills leachate from the three landfills using fry C. carpio individuals with an average weight of 0.92±0.24 g and average length of 3.83±0.19 cm were found to be 1.132, 2.0 and 3.822% respectively. Among the behavioral changes observed for the individual fish at different leachate concentrations, decline in general activity, loss of balance, breathing difficulties, excessive mucosal secretion and gathering at the surface for breathing. Conclusion: This study of acute toxicity to the recommended fish species, C. caprio, is considered the first in Malaysia. Further research with toxicity testing methods directly on fish will be very useful in assessing possible ecological risk assessment of landfill leachate.

Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Air and Water Based Solar Collectors Suitable for Building Integrated Applications

Abstract: Problem statement: Experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of mass flow rates on the electrical, thermal and combined of photovoltaic thermal efficiencies of the hybrid collectors. Approach: Two photovoltaic thermal solar collectors were designed and fabricated. The first collector, known as spiral flow absorber collector, designed to generate hot water and electricity. The second collector, known as single pass rectangular tunnel absorber collector designed to generate hot air and electricity. Both absorber collectors were fixed underneath the flat plate single glazing sheet of polycrystalline silicon PV module. Water was used as a heat transfer medium in spiral flow absorber collector and air for the Single pass rectangular tunnel absorber collector respectively. Results: The experiment results showed that the single flow absorber collector generates combined PV/T efficiency of 64%, electrical efficiency of 11% and power maximum achieved at 25.35 W. Moreover, Single pass rectangular tunnel absorber collector generated combined PV/T efficiency of 55%, electrical efficiency of 10% and maximum power of 22.45 W. Conclusion/Recommendations: The best mass flow rate achieved for spiral flow absorber collector is 0.011 kg sec-1 at surface temperature of 55% and 0.0754 kg sec-1 at surface temperature of 39°C for single pass rectangular collector absorber. It was recommended for PV/T system to further improve its efficiency by optimizing the contact surfaces between the solar panel (photovoltaic module) and the tubes underneath and also recommended to use other type of photovoltaic cell such as amorphous silicon cell that posses the black mat surfaces property that will improve it thermal absorption.

Climate Change in Jordan: A Comprehensive Examination Approach

Abstract: Problem statement: Jordan is experiencing harsh water shortage in different parts of the country due to high fluctuations in annual precipitation; the only source of water. In addition, heat waves are becoming more frequent in the region. Precipitation decrement and summer heat waves are being blamed on global warming. This study aimed to detect trends in weather parameters in Jordan. Approach: Data from six meteorological stations distributed around Jordan were analyzed using several parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches including Mann-Kendall, Linear Regression, Cusum, Rank Sum, Student's t-test, Rank Difference, Auto Correlation and Skewness- Kurtosis Normality test. Results: The results indicated that there are no visible trends indicating an increase or decrease in the annual precipitation and maximum temperature. However, there are good to strong trends indicating that annual minimum temperature has increased in the last decade while annual temperature range has decreased. Conclusion: Decreasing temperature range proved that the Earth's atmosphere is becoming more efficient in trapping terrestrial infrared radiation, which is accountable for the global warming.

The State of Environmentally Sustainable Interior Design Practice

Abstract: Problem statement: Research that investigates how interior designers use environmentally sustainable interior design criteria in their design solutions has not been done. To provide a base to develop education strategies for sustainable interior design, this study examined the state of environmentally sustainable interior design practice. Approach: A national, Internet-based survey of interior design practitioners was conducted. To collect data, the random sample of US interior design practitioners was drawn from the American Society of Interior Designers membership list. Environmentally sustainable interior design practice was defined by three factors: Global sustainable interior design, indoor environmental quality and interior materials. For each statement about environmentally sustainable interior design practice, respondents were asked to rate three dimensions: frequency of application, importance to the designer’s firm and importance to the designer. Descriptive statistical analysis focused on the state of environmentally sustainable interior design practice. Results: Every statement to measure environmentally sustainable interior design practice showed the highest mean score in the category of importance to the designer and the lowest mean score in the category of frequency of application. Important to designer’s firm ratings were always between these two extremes. Use of sustainable interior materials was identified as a less frequently applied component of environmentally sustainable interior design than indoor environmental quality. Conclusion/Recommendations: The application of environmentally sustainable interior design practice did not reach the same level as its perceived importance. Teaching methods that improve environmentally sustainable interior design practice and an understanding of the life cycle impact of interior materials are needed.

Reducing the Environmental Impact of Olive Mill Wastewater

Abstract: Problem Statement: A research was needed to monitor the environmental impact of olive mill wastewater (OMW): production and relative production of olive mill waste. This was achieved by collecting data from 92 local olive mills in order to study the olive production yield, water consumption in olive washing and in oil recovery, wastewater generation relative to olive processed and oil generated, and solid waste generation. The OMW is usually discharged in the open environment, thus producing pollution to the soil surface and underground water. Approach: The progress on this problem is made by reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) as a major OMW pollutant. An upper flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) facility was constructed and operated for eight months in a progressive program operation for standardization and optimization purpose, and so to treat the waste by COD reduction. Results: The results reveal local variation in most of the investigated parameters. The olives in some area are found to contain large solid waste than other areas, resulting in lower oil yield and higher solid generation per ton of olive produced. The COD concentration was increased gradually from 5,000-30,000 mg/L and the efficiency improved significantly during the operation from 46%-84% COD removal. The organic load of OMW 27,000mg/L was reduce below 5,000 mg/L, that permits its direct discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants. Conclusion: The implications and relevance of the results imply that OMW must be treated before discharge to the sewer system. On the other hand, the nonconformity between areas must be taken into consideration for future work.

Using SWAT to Target Critical Source Sediment and Phosphorus Areas in the Wister Lake Basin, USA

Abstract: Problem statement: Wister Lake is located in the San Bois Mountains in southeastern Oklahoma, USA. The reservoir is primarily used as a water supply and flood storage to over 40,000 residents in the area. Due to high levels of phosphorus and sediment, Wister Lake is listed as a high priority basin for the State of Oklahoma. To help address these water quality problems, the Oklahoma Conservation Commission provided cost share funds for landowners in the basin to implement conservation practices. Approach: The objective of this study was to identify or target agricultural land that contributed disproportional pollutant losses, i.e. critical source areas. Results: Implementing conservation practice in these critical source areas allowed optimal placement conservation practices. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to identify critical source areas of phosphorus and sediment in the Wister Lake basin. SWAT predicted 57,000 metric tons a year of sediment and 84,000 kilograms a year of total phosphorus from upland areas in the basin. Eighty-five percent of the pollutant load originated from just 10% of the basin. Conclusion/Recommendations: This allowed the OCC to identify and contact specific agricultural producers to recruit into their water quality program, which optimized the use of limited cost share funds.

Suitability Evaluation of Groundwater for Irrigation, Drinking and Industrial Purposes

Abstract: Problem statement: Groundwater is an important source of freshwater for agricultural, drinking and domestic uses in many regions of the world including Bangladesh. Demand of groundwater has been increasing day by day for irrigation by bringing more area under cultivation. As a drinking water the bottled water market currently has an average annual growth rate of 7.4% between 2002 and 2007, which is parallel to the growth of this industry all over the world. Obviously, the feed water should be free of particles and colloidal material and as low as possible in soluble organic matter. Series of water quality problems have been identified and addressed since the 1950s. These include point and non-point source pollutants such as nutrients, hydrocarbons, pesticides and heavy metals. In this regard, some studies to assessment the quality of water had been conducted in world wide. Where as, a Chiribandar a selected southern part of Bangladesh has great importance in agriculture and industrial perspective, no study has been done yet to asses the ground water quality for agricultural, drinking and industrial uses. Approach: A research was conducted to assess the degree of ionic toxicity of groundwater sources as irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. Twenty eight groundwater samples were analyzed for different elements of dominant cations and anions such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, HCO3 and other minor ions P, B, As, N03-N, S04-S and Cl. In addition, to classify water quality as excellent, good suitable, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were calculated following standard equations. The quality of water is generally judged by its total salts concentrations, relative proportion of cations or Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and the contents of HCO3. Results: According to the concentration of cation and anion constitutes of groundwater, water quality of study area were suitable for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. Except for a few cases there was neither chloride toxicity nor sulphate acidity in the area. The content for NO-3 and P was negligible and water samples were 'good' to 'excellent' with respect to boron and SSP. Range of EC (361-802 μS cm-1) and that of SAR (0.23-0.54) indicated that all samples were in 'medium-salinity low-alkali' hazard class. In respect of TDS and RSC values, all samples were of fresh water and suitable class. Among SSP and SAR, TDS and EC were highly correlated. An Arsanic range was far below than recommended upper limit. Conclusion/Recommendations: In respect of all evaluating criteria, groundwater of all the 28 locations can be safely used for long-term irrigation and drinking purposes. All samples were found suitable for drinking and industrial purpose in consideration of Fe concentration. However, none of the water samples was suitable for industrial use, because of higher TDS and pH values exceeding recommendation.

Ecological capability assessment for multiple-use in forest areas using GIS-based multiple criteria decision making approach.

Abstract: Problem statement: A valuable Source of plant and animal various speci es in the west of Iran is Zagros forests that, misuses by foresters a nd local societies has caused severe degradation. I n this study, forest areas ecological assessment was carried out with a (GIS)-based MCDM approach for multiple-use planning in order to reduce degradatio n and improving sustainability. Approach: All of possible land uses were evaluated separately. The A HP was used to defining weight of criteria and sub-criteria. Sub-criteria were mapped at GIS envir onment using available data, fieldwork and IRSp6 data. A priority map for each land use was created using GIS-based WLC model. The final priority map was produced of overlying all priority maps. Ec ological capability map were generated with editing priority map using present land use map, IR Sp6 data, forest laws and fieldwork. Results: The Weights of criteria and sub- criteria was defined f or all land uses with CR<0.10. The most important criteria and sub-criteria for each land use were re sulted, too. The final priority map was indicated preference of suitable land uses for each area, eco logically. The suitability map was showed areas tha t are enforceable land use together. Also, the area o f each suitable land use was distinct. In more than of 70% study area, current use is not based on ecologi cal criteria, which were caused severe degradation. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that various land uses meaning multiple-use can be exist in area study that executing of those will be cause decreasing of foresters dependence to forest trees , decreasing of degradation and forest sustainability . Thus, this integrated approach could be benefit forest planners and decision makers. Recommendation: Through this study, we aimed at suggesting to forest management and other stakeholders an approach that is scientifically sound and practical.

Investigation of Cadmium (II) Ions Biosorption onto Pretreated Dried Activated Sludge

Abstract: Problem statement: Heavy metals have been one of hazardous components in industrial effluents that can be damaged on the environment by discharging uncontrolled wastewater. The aims of this investigation were biosorption of Cd (II) ions onto pretreated dried activated sludge and determination of kinetic and isotherm of biosorption. Approach: Activated sludge was obtained from Tehran municipal wastewater treatment plant. Activated Sludge was dried and used for biosorbtion of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solution. Dried Activated Sluge (DAS) was pretreated with three different solutions (H2O2, NaOH and ethanol). Biosorption capacity of different types of DAS to remove Cd (II) ions was investigated as a function of Cd (II) concentrations at variable initial Cd (II) concentrations between 10 and 500 mg L−1 with a DAS particle size 0.2-0.3 mm using batch biosorption experiments. Results: Biosorption of Cd (II) by Dried Activated Sludge (DAS) was found to perform better than the others after pretreatment with H2O2. The maximum biosorption capacity was given 256.41, 217.39, 212.77 and 204.08 mg g−1 for the H2O2, NaOH; Ethanol pretreated and untreated DAS, respectively. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be more suitable than the pseudo-first order kinetic model to correlate the experimental data for all types of DAS (R2>0.9). The Freundlich isotherm was found to fit the experimental data slightly better than the Langmuir isotherm model for all pretreated and untreated DAS (R2>0.99). Conclusion: It can be concluded that pretreatment DAS yield higher Cd (II) biosorption capacity, especially DAS that pretreated with H2O2.

Temporal Variability on Lowland River Sediment Properties and Yield

Abstract: Problem statement: A sediment analysis study was conducted at the Chini River on 16 and 31 August 2008. This study was conducted to review the formation of suspended sediment load in the Lake Chini catchment area, which flows into the Pahang River via the Chini River. Approach: Three sampling stations were chosen, the first one at upstream Chini River (S1), mid-stream Chini River (S2) and downstream Chini River (S3). Three parameters were quantified for this study, namely: distribution of sediment grain size (g), concentration of suspended sediment (mg L-1) and river discharge values (in m3 sec-1). Results: The findings of the study show that the sizes of sediment fall between phi O-2.00 with very rough particle sizes falling between phi-1.00 and phi 0.00. At the study area, the daily discharge value is estimated at 722, 304, 00 L day-1. The average suspended sediment concentration recorded for each station shows varying values for both timelines. The values were 27.33 mg L-1 on 16/08/08 and 2.233 mg L-1 on 31/08/08. Conclusion: The average value for all stations calculated based on the formation of suspended sediment load per day falls between 16,480.4627 kg day-1 on 16/08/08 and 1,540.43 kg day-1 on 31/08/08. Overall, when this number was extrapolated to every square kilometre, the result showed that the estimated average sediment that flows out of Lake Chini is 73.22 tonnes km-2 year-1.

Forecasting and time series analysis of air pollutants in several area of Malaysia.

Abstract: Problem statement: In keeping abreast with Malaysia’s rapid economic development and to meet the nation's aspiration for an improved quality of life, clean-air legislation limiting industrial and automobile emissions was adopted in 1978. Approach: Yet, to this day, air pollution from both sources still poses a problem for the nation. In order to predict the status of future air quality in Malaysia, a Box-Jenkins ARIMA approach was applied to modeling the time series of monthly maximum 1 h carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia, i.e., Terengganu, Pahang and Kelantan, respectively, as well as to a comparison with the representative west coast state represent of Hulu Kelang. Results: In all the states, both carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations have shown a fairly consistent upward trend since 1996. Nevertheless, the values forecast to 2016 for all states excluding NOx for Hulu Kelang did not exceed the permissible values given by either NAAQS or DOE Malaysia which are 35 and 30 ppm, respectively, at a 1 h average for CO and 0.053 and 0.17 ppm, respectively, for NOx. Conclusion/Recommendations: The forecasting values of each of the concentration parameters are still within a well-conserved condition as they do not exceed the limits of either NAAQS or DOE Malaysia excluding the values for nitrogen dioxide for Hulu Kelang.

Effect of Environmental Parameters on hydrogen Production using Clostridium Saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4(ATCC 13564)

Abstract: Problem statement: Hydrogen gas production by Clostridium can be improved by several ways through media formulation, or suitable environment condition. This study was carried out to investigate the environmental factors effects on hydrogen production using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564). Approach: The environmental factor studied includes initial substrate concentration, initial medium pH, temperature, sparging nitrogen and addition of Fe2+. Results: The result showed that the best yield of hydrogen produced (YP/S) was 3.10 moL (moL glucose)-1 when an initial glucose concentration was 10 g L-1, initial pH 6.0±0.2 at temperature 37°C. The volume of hydrogen produced was decreased when higher initial glucose concentration was applied. The yield of hydrogen increased when Fe2+ added to medium at concentration of 25 mg L−1. The yield and growth were further increased by sparging with nitrogen gas. Conclusion: It was observed that the best condition for highest hydrogen yield when initial pH 6.0±0.2 at 37°C and enhanced by adding ferrous sulfate in anaerobic process.

Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by Fungi

Abstract: Problem statement: Arsenic is a known toxic element and its presence and toxicity in nature is a worldwide environmental problem. The use of microorganisms in bioremediation is a potential method to reduce as concentration in contaminated areas. Approach: In order to explore the possible bioremediation of this element, three filamentous fungi-Aspergillus niger, Serpula himantioides and Trametes versicolor were investigated for their potential abilities to accumulate (and possibly solubilize) arsenic from an agar environment consisting of non buffered mineral salts media amended with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% (w/v) arsenopyrite (FeAsS). Growth rates, dry weights, arsenic accumulation and oxalate production by the fungi as well as the pH of the growth media were all assessed during this study. Results: There was no visible solubilization of FeAsS particles underneath any of the growing fungal colonies or elsewhere in the respective agar plates. No specific patterns of growth changes were observed from the growth ratios of the fungi on agar amended with different amounts of FeAsS although growth of all fungi was stimulated by the incorporation of varying amounts of FeAsS into the agar with the exception of A. niger on 0.4% (w/v) amended agar and T. versicolor on 0.8% (w/v) amended agar. The amounts of dry weights obtained for all three fungi also did not follow any specific patterns with different amounts of FeAsS and the quantities obtained were in the order A. niger > S. himantioides > T. versicolor. All fungi accumulated as in their biomasses with all amounts of FeAsS although to varying levels and T. versicolor was the most effective with all amounts of FeAsS while A. niger was the least effective. Conclusion: The accumulation of arsenic in the biomasses of the test fungi as shown in this study may suggested a role for fungi through their bioaccumulating capabilities as agents in the possible bioremediation of arsenic contaminated environments.

Exploring the Reuse Potential of Chemical Sludge from Textile Wastewater Treatment Plants in India-A Hazardous Waste

Abstract: Problem statement: This study was conducted to explore the reuse potential of the chemical sludge (considered as hazardous waste as per Indian Government Hazardous Waste Management Rules) generated from combined effluent treatment in textile clusters. These textile clusters mainly cover the cotton dyeing and printing operations. Approach: Therefore, treatability studies of chemical sludge were conducted using solidification/stabilization treatment to examine the possibility of its reuse in construction materials. The sludge was characterised for its physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals. Standard blocks of dimensions 70.6×70.6×70.6 mm were prepared, in which chemical sludge was used as a partial replacement of cement by mixing 30-70 % of sludge in cement. After the experimental curing, the blocks were evaluated for physical engineering properties such as hardening time, block density, unconfined compressive strength. The chemical properties were determined in terms of concentrations of heavy metals in the TCLP leachate. Results: The hardening time ranged between 30-45 h. The compressive strength in the sludge cement blocks ranged from 2.63- 22.54 N mm -2 after 14 days of water curing and 6.48-24.89 N mm -2 after 28 days of water curing for 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 % sludge replacement in cement. The block density varied between 1361. 3408- 1813.8992 Kg m -3 after 14 days and 1386.3953-1842.3446 Kg m -3 after 28 days of water curing. The concentrations of heavy metals were negligible in the TCLP leachate and thus below USEPA regulatory limits. Conclusion/Recommendations: As far as structural applications is concerned, it is fulfilling the criteria of some of the classes (C to K) as per the BIS standards of the bricks upto a strength of 25 N mm -2 . The use of sludge can definitely be explored for other structural and non- structural applications depending upon strength requirement. Other applications of textile sludge in the construction materials to be explored by conducting more bench scale studies.

MNM1D: A Numerical Code for Colloid Transport in Porous Media: Implementation and Validation

Abstract: Problem statement: Understanding the mechanisms that control the transport and fate of colloidal particles in subsurface environments is a crucial issue faced by several researchers in the last years. In many cases, natural colloids have been shown to play a major role in the spreading of strongly sorbing contaminants, while manufactured micro-and nanoparticles, which are nowadays widely spread in the subsurface, can be toxic themselves. On the other hand, in recent years studies have been addressed to the use of highly reactive micro-and nanoparticle suspensions for the remediation of contaminated aquifers. Provide the set of partial-differential model equations and its numerical solution for the colloid transport under transient hydrochemical conditions, that have been previously shown to be extremely important in micro-and nanoparticle transport in porous media. Approach: This study presented a novel colloid transport model, called MNM1D (Micro-and Nanoparticle transport Model in porous media in 1D geometry), able to simulate the colloid behavior in porous media in the presence of both constant and transient hydrochemical parameters (namely ionic strength). The model accounts for attachment and detachment phenomena, that can be modeled with one or two linear and/or langmuirian interaction sites. The governing equations were solved using a finite-differences approach, herein presented and discussed in details. Results: Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons with results of well-established colloid transport models, based both on analytical and numerical solutions of the colloid transport equation, were performed. The MNM1D results were found to be in good agreement with these solutions. Conclusion: The shown good agreement between MNM1D and the other models indicated that this code can represent in the future a useful tool for the simulation of colloidal transport in groundwater under transient hydrochemical conditions.

An Analysis of Urban Land Development Using Multi-Criteria Decision Model and Geographical Information System (A Case Study of Babolsar City)

Abstract: Problem Statement: The unplanned physical expansion of cities has been one of the most important problems of urban management in developing countries. Iran, like other developing world has experienced a high level of urbanization growth which transformed the physical fabric of urban areas. North of Iran is one of most rapid growing region of the country where the moderate climate and a tourism based economy encouraged many developers to investigate in housing sector. So, the primary outcome of such process was the out-growth of the city boundaries in the region. Approach: This research attempted to present an appropriate model for urban physical development. The study used different parameters such as environmental and socio-economic factors to provide a good understanding of the city behavior in its geographical setting. Through applying the Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDA) and GIS, the most appropriate area introduced for near future development. Results: The results revealed that the integrated GIS and MCDA model has many potentials which allow the planner or user investigate the final decision for site selection for future urban physical development. Conclusion: Since the city is located in a fertile agricultural area where the general policy of the local government is to save the lands for strategic crops like rice, to select the right site for city development is quiet significant.

Green Engines Development Using Compressed Natural Gas as an Alternative Fuel: A Review

Abstract: Problem statement: The Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a gaseous form of natural gas, it have been recognized as one of the promising alternative fuel due to its substantial benefits compared to gasoline and diesel. Natural gas is produced from gas wells or tied in with crude oil production. Approach: Natural gas is promising alternative fuel to meet strict engine emission regulations in many countries. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has long been used in stationary engines, but the application of CNG as a transport engines fuel has been considerably advanced over the last decade by the development of lightweight high-pressure storage cylinders. Results: The technology of engine conversion was well established and suitable conversion equipment is readily available. For petrol engines or spark ignition engines there are two options, a bi-fuel conversion and use a dedicated to CNG engine. The diesel engines converted or designed to run on natural gas, there were two main options discussed. There are dual-fuel engines and normal ignition can be initiated. Natural gas engines can be operated at lean burn and stoichiometric conditions with different combustion and emission characteristics. Conclusions: In this study, the low exhaust gas emissions of CNG engines research and development were highlighted. Stoichiometric natural gas engines were briefly reviewed. To keep the output power, torque and emissions of natural gas engines comparable to their gasoline or diesel counterparts. High activity for future green CNG engines research and development to meet future stringent emissions standards was recorded in the study.

Reducing Ammonia Loss from Urea by Mixing with Humic and Fulvic Acids Isolated from Coal

Abstract: Problem statement: Ammonia volatilization is a major pathway for nitrogen loss from surface applied urea. While all top-dressed ammonia and ammonium based N fertilizers can volatilize, the potential loss is greatest with urea and fluids containing urea. As much as 20-50% of N applied to soils is lost through volatilization alone. Thus, the objective of this laboratory study was to reduce ammonia loss from urea via mixing with humic and fulvic acids isolated from coal. Approach: This study compared four different types of treatments which were urea without additives (T1), urea with humic acid-powdered form (T2), urea with fulvic acid-liquid form (T3) and urea with humic and fulvic acids-liquid form (T4). Comparisons were made based on ammonia loss, soil NH4 and NO3- contents as well as exchangeable cations in the treated soils. Soil samples from typic paleudults (Bekenu series) were used. Humic substances were isolated using standard procedures. Daily ammonia loss from soil was measured using a modified closed-dynamic air flow system method. Results: All of the treatments with humic substances significantly reduced ammonia loss ranging between 13 and 25% compared to urea alone. The treatment with both humic and fulvic acids (T4) showed pronounced ammonia loss reduction. All treatments with humic substances significantly increased NH4+ and NO3- content in soil samples compared to urea alone except for treatment having humic acid alone (T2). Treatments with fulvic acid (T3 and T4) also showed significant increase in exchangeable K+ and Na+ compared to urea alone. The increase in the formation of NH4+ over NH3, soil exchangeable cations and temporary reduction of soil pH may had retarded urea hydrolysis in the immediate vicinity of the fertilizer. Conclusion: Surface applied urea fertilizer efficiency could be increased if applied together with humic and fulvic acids.

Investigation of Vegetation Dynamics using Long-Term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Time-Series

Abstract: Problem statement: The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the most extensively used satellite-derived index of vegetat ion health and density. Since climate is one of the most important factors affecting vegetation conditi on, satellite-derived vegetation indexes have been often used to evaluate climatic and environmental c hanges at regional and global scale. The proposed study attempted to investigate the temporal vegetat ion dynamics in the whole Africa using historical NDVI time-series. Approach: For this aim, 15 day maximum value NDVI composites at 8 km spatial resolution produced from the NASA Global Inventory Mapping and Monitoring System (GIMMS) had been used. They were derived from data collected da ily by NOAA AVHRR satellites. The AVHRR NDVI GIMMS dataset was freely available and gives global coverage over an extensive time period. First of all, the selected NDVI base data had been geometrically pre-processed and organized into a historical database implemented in order to grant t heir spatial integration. Starting from this archiv e, monthly and yearly NDVI historical time-series, ext ended from 1982-2006, had been then developed and analysed on a pixel basis. Several routines had e been developed in IDL (Interactive Data Language programming tool) with the purpose of applying suit able statistical analysis techniques to the histori cal information in the database in order to identify th e long-term trend components of generated NDVI time-series and extract vegetation dynamics. Specif ic tests had been then considered in order to defin e the validity of results. Results: The existence of clear regional trends of NDVI, bot h decreasing and increasing had been showed, which helped to highlight areas subject, respectively to reduction or increase in vegetation greenness. Conclusion: As the relationship between the NDVI and vegetatio n productivity was well established, these estimated long-term trend components may be also, with much more caution, related to historical and ongoing lan d degradation or improvement processes.

Analysis of Some Pesticide Residues in Cauliflower by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract: Problem statement: Increased use of chemicals on vegetables started gaining momentum and continued its up-trend in Bangladesh. Wide spread use of pesticides in agriculture concern of residue accumulation, which may remain in food and agricultural environment causing concern of human health and risking ecological balance. Attempt made to ensure that their applications were correct and safe and result in no residues in food beyond codex developed maximum residue limits. Approach: This study reported a method based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for determination of pesticide residues used in Cauliflower. Cauliflower sprayed with, 4 different pesticides (diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) at recommended dose and double of recommended dose were analyzed for their residual contents. Samples were collected at same day after application of pesticide. Commercial samples of cauliflowers were collected from different markets of Dhaka city. Reversed-phase HPLC system with UV detection was used for the separation, identification and quantification of all these analytes using acetonitrile-water (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase. Results: Limit of detection of 0.02 mg kg-1 was obtained. Calibration curves that constructed for the analytes spiked into samples followed linear relationships with good correlation coefficients (R2>0.990). In the analysis, from vegetables treated with diazinon and chlorpyrifos at recommended and double of recommended doses, residual amounts above respective MRL values were found. Conclusion: Method used permitted the determination of these pesticides in cauliflower at concentration level demanded by current legislation. Attention paid on excess use or abuse of pesticides by judicious application for safety of public health in Bangladesh. Additional data to monitor residues in food and to fill gaps in current knowledge would be helpful in assessing human exposure risks from ingestion of contaminated cauliflower or other vegetables.

The Effect of Air Entry Values on Hysteresis of Water Retention Curve in Saline Soil

Abstract: Problem statement: The saline soil in Northeast Thailand is caused by saline groundwater rise in unsaturated zone to accumulate as salt at soil surface. Approach: This problem had been exacerbated in the last few decades by human activities e.g., deforestation and salt mining. This salinity problem can be solved by capillary rise control of saline groundwater flow. Results: The soil water retention curve formulation was essential for the control procedure design. In this study, the soil water retention curves of saline soil samples were derived by the hanging column and pressure plate apparatus techniques. The hysteresis of the curves together with air and water entry values were scrutinized from the primary wetting and drying retention curves. Conclusion: The experimental results showed that the degree of hysteresis varies with the air entry value of the soil. The new finding can be very useful in modeling for salinity control.

Presence of arsenic in commercial beverages.

Abstract: Problem statement: This study’s goal was to assess the arsenic concentration of various beverages and broths purchased from a local chain supermarket. A source of chronic arsenic exposure occurs via food and beverage consumption. Groundwater levels of total arsenic are regulated (<10 μg L-1) by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) but few studies have examined arsenic concentrations in common beverages. Approach: In the initial analysis of 19 items, total arsenic concentration was assessed from a variety of fruit juices, sports drinks, sodas and broths. Items found to contain levels of total arsenic ≥5.0 μg L-1 were further evaluated. Additional analysis included purchasing multiple brands of items ≥5.0 μg L-1 and analyzing them for total arsenic and chemical species of arsenic. Results: Among the beverages in the initial analysis, apple juice (10.79 μg L-1) and grape juice (49.87 μg L-1) contained the highest levels of total arsenic. Upon examination of items with As concentrations above 5.0 μg L-1, varying concentrations of total arsenic were found in apple cider (range: 5.41-15.27 μg L-1), apple juice (range: 10.67-22.35 μg L-1), baby fruit juice (range: 13.91-16.51 μg L-1) and grape juice (range: 17.69-47.59 μg L-1). Conclusion: Many commercially available juices contained concentrations of arsenic that were higher than the standard for total arsenic allowed in groundwater as set forth by the EPA. The concentration of As in these juices varied between and within brands. In general, those consuming apple and grape juices are the young and elderly and it is these populations that may be more vulnerable to over exposure of heavy metals.

Suitability of Using Phragmites australis and Tamarix aphylla as Vegetation Filters in Industrial Areas

Abstract: Problem Statement: Many soils of different areas of the world are subjected to heavy metal pollution due to human activities especially the industry. These metals are hazardous to human health and could affect ecosystems. Toxic metal pollution in water and soil is a major environmental problem and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solution, hence the studies of reducing such effects were launched. Phytoremediation, popularly known as green clean is an ecologically recommended strategy for the removal of toxic contaminations from the environment by using plants. Approach: The present study is an attempt to assess the suitability of using two species namely: Phragmites australis and Ttamarix aphylla as vegetation filterers in an industrial area to reduce the danger of contamination of heavy metals in the environment. The studied species viz. Phragmites australis and Tamarix aphylla were collected at four different locations (A, B, C and D) around a petrochemical and detergents factory in the industrial areas of Eastern Region, Dammam city, Saudi Arabia. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Cu) were evaluated in different organs of Phragmites australis and Tamarix aphylla. Also, Soil samples were collected from each location for the chemical and mechanical analyses. Results: The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in Phragmites australis and Tamarix aphllya exhibited the same trend. In shoots of the studied species, Zn accumulated less heavy metals than the under ground parts, creeping rhizome and roots. The highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for Cd and Zn was noted in location B. In general, Zn was the most absorbed element followed by Fe, Mn while Ni as well as Pb and Cd were accumulated in lower quantities. In chemical and physical analyses of soil samples, location C showed the highest concentration of all of the investigated elements and it is the most alkaline with more clay and organic carbon. Conclusion/Recommendation: The present results demonstrated that both species are significant as vegetation filter and for cleaning the soils from contamination with heavy metals by phytoextraction. There is a great need to use the advantages of these plants in phytoremediation of environment. In the same time continuous harvesting of their shoots could be suitable way to recycling heavy metals.

Mathematical Model of Double Pass Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector with Fins

Abstract: Problem statement: The efficiency of photovoltaic cells is generally temperature dependent (efficiency decrease when the temperature of the photovoltaic cells increase). This problem can be solved by cooling the solar cells during operation and operated at low temperature. Approach: This study presented a numerical model of double pass Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) solar air collector with fins attached to the back side of the absorber plate to improve heat transfer to the flowing air for predicting the performance of the system. Results: Five coupled of unsteady nonlinear partial differential equations were formulated by using first order forward scheme in time and second order central difference scheme in space to predict the performance of PV/T solar air heater at different parameters and conditions. The temperatures of the solar cells, outlet fluid temperature and the temperature distribution of every static element in both models were predicted. The performance of the collector including photovoltaic, thermal and combined PV/T collector over range of operating conditions are discussed. Conclusion: Experimental and theoretical results were compared and showed that close agreement between these two values were obtained.