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■ CONTENTS General Information: Books, Reviews, and Conferences 640 Fundamentals 641 Interaction of Laser Beam with Matter 641 Factors Affecting Laser Ablation and LaserInduced Plasma Formation 642 Influence of Target on the Laser-Induced Plasmas 642 Influence of Laser Parameters on the LaserInduced Plasmas 643 Laser Wavelength (λ) 643 Laser Pulse Duration (τ) 643 Laser Pulse Energy (E) 645 Influence of Ambient Gas on the Laser-Induced Plasmas 645 LIBS Methods 647 Double Pulse LIBS 647 Femtosecond LIBS 651 Resonant LIBS 652 Ranging Approaches 652 Applications 654 Surface Inspection, Depth Profiling, and LIBS Imaging 654 Cultural Heritage 654 Industrial Analysis 655 Environmental Monitoring 656 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Analysis 658 Security and Forensics 659 Analysis of Liquids and Submerged Solids 660 Space Exploration and Isotopic Analysis 662 Space Exploration 662 Isotopic Analysis 662 Conclusions and Future Outlook 663 Author Information 664 Corresponding Author 664 Notes 664 Biographies 664 Acknowledgments 664 References 664

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach

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Good practices in LIBS analysis: Review and advices

To date, the significant anti-cancer capacity of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on dozens of cancer cell lines has been demonstrated in vitro and in mice models. Conventionally, CAP was directly applied to irradiate cancer cells or tumor tissue. Over past three years, the CAP irradiated media was also found to kill cancer cells as effectively as the direct CAP treatment. As a novel strategy, using the CAP stimulated (CAPs) media has become a promising anti-cancer tool. In this study, we demonstrated several principles to optimize the anti-cancer capacity of the CAPs media on glioblastoma cells and breast cancer cells. Specifically, using larger wells on a multi-well plate, smaller gaps between the plasma source and the media, and smaller media volume enabled us to obtain a stronger anti-cancer CAPs media composition without increasing the treatment time. Furthermore, cysteine was the main target of effective reactive species in the CAPs media. Glioblastoma cells were more resistant to the CAPs media than breast cancer cells. Glioblastoma cells consumed the effective reactive species faster than breast cancer cells did. In contrast to nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide was more likely to be the effective reactive species.

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Principles of using Cold Atmospheric Plasma Stimulated Media for Cancer Treatment.

A study of laser ablation of Aluminum sample by nanosecond laser pulses considering two simultaneous mechanisms of normal evaporation and phase explosion is theoretically carried out. The temperature distribution in the sample is calculated by a one dimensional heat conduction equation. Ablation depth due to the evaporation and explosion is calculated as a function of laser pulse energies. Variation in some effective sample parameters during the laser ablation and their effects on laser ablation mechanisms are taken into account. At low irradiance, ablation is mainly due to the evaporation, while after a threshold intensity, the phase explosion becomes the dominant mechanism. Theoretical results of transition from the normal evaporation to the phase explosion are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Laser ablation of aluminum from normal evaporation to phase explosion

A thermal model for nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of Cu in one dimension and in ambient gas, He at 1 atm, is proposed in which equations concerning heat conduction in the target and gas dynamics in the plume are solved. These equations are coupled to each other through the energy and mass balances at interface between the target and the vapor and also Knudsen layer conditions. By assumption of local thermal equilibrium, Saha–Eggert equations are used to investigate plasma formation. The shielding effect of the plasma, due to photoionization and inverse bremsstrahlung processes, is considered. Bremsstrahlung and blackbody radiation and spectral emissions of the plasma are also investigated. Spatial and temporal distribution of the target temperature,number densities of Cu and He, pressure and temperature of the plume, bremsstrahlung and blackbody radiation, and also spectral emissions of Cu at three wavelengths (510, 516, and 521 nm) are obtained. Results show that the spectral power of Cu lines has the same pattern as CuI relative intensities from National Institute of Standard and Technology. Investigation of spatially integrated bremsstrahlung and blackbody radiation, and also Cuspectral emissions indicates that although in early times the bremsstrahlung radiation dominates the two other radiations, the Copperspectral emission is the dominant radiation in later times. It should be mentioned that the blackbody radiation has the least values in both time intervals. The results can be used for prediction of the optimum time and position of the spectral line emission, which is applicable in some time resolvedspectroscopic techniques such as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Furthermore, the results suggest that for distinguishing between the spectral emission and the bremsstrahlung radiation, a spatially resolved spectroscopy can be used instead of the time resolved one.

Simulation of nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of copper samples: A focus on laser induced plasma radiation

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been applied to the analysis of toxic metals Pb and Cd in Pb(NO3)2 and Cd(NO3)2.4H2O aqueous solutions, respectively. The plasma is generated by focusing a nanosecond Nd:YAG (λ=1064 nm) laser on the surface of liquid in the homemade liquid jet configuration. With an assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), calibration curves of Pb and Cd were obtained at different delay times between 1 to 5 μs. The temporal behavior of limit of detections (LOD) was investigated and it is shown that the minimum LODs for Pb and Cd are 4 and 68 parts in 106 (ppm), respectively. In order to demonstrate the correctness of the LTE assumption, plasma parameters including plasma temperature and electron density are evaluated, and it is shown that the LTE condition is satisfied at all delay times.

Quantitative analysis of toxic metals lead and cadmium in water jet by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The effect of initial sample temperature on spectral emission of laser-induced plasma has been investigated. The plasma has been produced on aluminum alloy surface at ambient air pressure. The sample has been uniformly heated by a heating element up to 150 °C. The spectral emission of aluminum at different initial sample temperature and gate delay times has been measured. A simple model has been improved in order to compare the analytical and experimental results. An increase in sample temperature leads to an increase in the area under spectral line profiles. The results suggest that increasing the sample temperature can improve the limits of detection (LOD).

Seyed Hassan Tavassoli

Papers

Laser ablation of aluminum from normal evaporation to phase explosion

Simulation of nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of copper samples: A focus on laser induced plasma radiation

Quantitative analysis of toxic metals lead and cadmium in water jet by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Effect of sample temperature on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Quantitative analysis of cement powder by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy