THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Spectroscopy is the study of matter interacting with electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light). The electromagnetic spectrum in Figure 1 illustrates the many different types of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays (γ-rays), X-rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible light, infrared (IR) radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. The frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) ranges associated with each form of radiant energy are also indicated in Figure 1.

Introduction to Spectroscopy

Interfacial tension was measured for hexane + water, heptane + water, octane + water, nonane + water, decane + water, undecane + water, and dodecane + water, using the emergent drop experimental technique with a numerical method based on a fourth degree spline interpolation of the drop profile. The experimental equipment used to generate the drop consists of a cell with a stainless steel body and two Pyrex windows. The inner cell was previously filled with water. A surgical needle (at the bottom of the cell) was used to introduce the organic phase into the cell (forming the emergent drop). Water was used to keep the temperature constant inside the cell (between 10 °C and 60 °C). The cell was illuminated from the back using a fiber optic lamp and a diffuser. A video camera (with a 60 mm microlens and an extension ring) was located at the front window. The emergent drop image was captured and sent to the video recording system. The cell and the optical components were placed on an optical table with vibration isolation legs. A new correlation was found to predict interfacial tension (γ) as a function of temperature (t) and the number of carbon atoms (n) with a deviation of less than 0.05% from experimental values.

Interfacial tension of alkane + water systems

Review of the litterature available outside the petroleum industry concerning wettability. This litterature discusses surface forces and their effects on wettability, including van der Waal and electrostatic forces. Hydrogen bonding and ion/water interactions, are also discussed. Advancing and receding contact angles for oil/water/mineral systems in terms of these surface forces are described.

Wettability : fundamentals and surface forces

Heavy oil polymer flooding from laboratory core floods to pilot tests and field applications: Half-century studies

Carbon dioxide miscible flooding has become a popular method for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) because it not only efficiently enhances oil recovery but also considerably reduces green house gas emissions. However, it can significantly cause asphaltene deposition, which leads to serious production problems such as wettability alteration, plugging of the reservoir formation, blocking the transportation pipelines, etc. It is crucial to investigate the effects of different factors on asphaltene deposition. A novel experimental setup was prepared to employ a high-pressure visual cell for investigation of asphaltene deposition on a model rock under typical reservoir conditions. The evolution of asphaltene deposition was monitored via a high-resolution microscope. Image processing software was utilized to check the amount of deposited asphaltene and its size distribution under different conditions. Crudes from two Iranian oil fields were used in the experiments. The amount of asphaltene deposition was measured du...

Asphaltene Deposition during CO2 Injection and Pressure Depletion: A Visual Study

Oil industry suffers from flow assurance problems that occur both in upstream and downstream operations. One of the common flow assurance issues arises from precipitation and deposition of asphaltenes in various locations along the oil production path including near wellbore region in the reservoir, production tubing, flowlines and separation unit at the surface. Asphaltene particles precipitate out of oil continuum due to changes in temperature, pressure or composition. Such changes in operating conditions occur during different recovery processes (natural depletion, gas injection, chemical injection, etc.) as well as production and blending of different oils during transportation. There are different experimental methodologies documented in the literature that describe how to determine onset of asphaltene precipitation. In this paper, a comprehensive review is performed on all the available procedures to measure onset of asphaltene precipitation. The advantages and limitations associated with all these methods are also documented.

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A review on methods of determining onset of asphaltene precipitation

Further investigation into the mechanisms of asphaltene deposition and permeability impairment in porous media using a modified analytical model

As the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms expands globally, a vast amount of information is reported annually and many statistical works are carried out aiming mostly at the feasibility study of employing EOR methods for candidate reservoirs. In the last decades, researchers have gathered huge databases and used various techniques to identify screening criteria ranges for each EOR method. Screening algorithms are then developed to desirably benefit from the criteria ranges for candidate selection. The numerous screening criteria ranges reported for each EOR technique and the variety of screening algorithms raise the problem of choice, especially for petroleum engineers who plan to initiate EOR projects. This paper summarizes important screening criteria and screening algorithms and discusses and elaborates on subjects such as the importance of the following: accuracy in the EOR screening, comparing the parameters of the candidate reservoir with the criteria ranges, establishing a quantitative basis for comparison, dealing with a large number of candidate reservoirs, ranking the importance of parameters for each EOR method, assigning weights for parameters, and defining cutoffs. Based on a series of optimistic and pessimistic criteria extracted from the collected criteria, a case study is performed involving 11 candidate Iranian reservoirs and the EOR options for each reservoir are ranked accordingly. Then, a predictive correlation is used to identify reservoirs with the highest recovery factors among the candidates of the CO2 miscible flooding. The results show that miscible CO2 and hydrocarbon gas injections are two promising mechanisms for the reservoirs under study.

Shahin Kord

Papers

Asphaltene Deposition during CO2 Injection and Pressure Depletion: A Visual Study

A review on methods of determining onset of asphaltene precipitation

Further investigation into the mechanisms of asphaltene deposition and permeability impairment in porous media using a modified analytical model

Eor potential within iran

Asphaltene precipitation in live crude oil during natural depletion: Experimental investigation and modeling