Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are open, crystalline supramolecular coordination architectures with porous facets. These chemically tailorable framework materials are the subject of intense and expansive research, and are particularly relevant in the fields of sensory materials and device engineering. As the subfield of MOF-based sensing has developed, many diverse chemical functionalities have been carefully and rationally implanted into the coordination nanospace of MOF materials. MOFs with widely varied fluorometric sensing properties have been developed using the design principles of crystal engineering and structure–property correlations, resulting in a large and rapidly growing body of literature. This work has led to advancements in a number of crucial sensing domains, including biomolecules, environmental toxins, explosives, ionic species, and many others. Furthermore, new classes of MOF sensory materials utilizing advanced signal transduction by devices based on MOF photonic crystals and thin films have been developed. This comprehensive review summarizes the topical developments in the field of luminescent MOF and MOF-based photonic crystals/thin film sensory materials.

Metal-organic frameworks: functional luminescent and photonic materials for sensing applications.

Micromachining technology was used to prepare chemical analysis systems on glass chips (1 centimeter by 2 centimeters or larger) that utilize electroosmotic pumping to drive fluid flow and electrophoretic separation to distinguish sample components. Capillaries 1 to 10 centimeters long etched in the glass (cross section, 10 micrometers by 30 micrometers) allow for capillary electrophoresis-based separations of amino acids with up to 75,000 theoretical plates in about 15 seconds, and separations of about 600 plates can be effected within 4 seconds. Sample treatment steps within a manifold of intersecting capillaries were demonstrated for a simple sample dilution process. Manipulation of the applied voltages controlled the directions of fluid flow within the manifold. The principles demonstrated in this study can be used to develop a miniaturized system for sample handling and separation with no moving parts.

Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip

Many scientific papers have been written concerning gas sensors for different sensor applications using several sensing principles. This review focuses on sensors and sensor systems for gaseous ammonia. Apart from its natural origin, there are many sources of ammonia, like the chemical industry or intensive life-stock. The survey that we present here treats different application areas for ammonia sensors or measurement systems and different techniques available for making selective ammonia sensing devices. When very low concentrations are to be measured, e.g. less than 2 ppb for environmental monitoring and 50 ppb for diagnostic breath analysis, solid-state ammonia sensors are not sensitive enough. In addition, they lack the required selectivity to other gasses that are often available in much higher concentrations. Optical methods that make use of lasers are often expensive and large. Indirect measurement principles have been described in literature that seems very suited as ammonia sensing devices. Such systems are suited for miniaturization and integration to make them suitable for measuring in the small gas volumes that are normally available in medical applications like diagnostic breath analysis equipment.

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Ammonia sensors and their applications - a review

Micro total analysis systems. Recent developments.

Micro total analysis systems. Latest advancements and trends.

Micro gas analyzers for environmental and medical applications.

Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodine excretion in urine and milk of 13 breastfeeding women was investigated and the results were interpreted by a model of parallel/competitive transport of these species by the sodium iodide symporter. For each species i, we assumed physiological homeostasis, where iT,in equals the corresponding total excretion in urine and milk (ie,u + ie,m). The fraction of the total excretion that appeared in milk fi,m was measured and ranged from 0.394−0.781, 0.018−0.144, and 0.086−0.464 for perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodine, respectively. The corresponding median values were 0.541, 0.053, and 0.177, respectively. The selectivity factors of perchlorate over iodide transport, and thiocyanate over iodide transport, defined as fPC,m/fI,m, and fSCN,m/fI,m, respectively, were 3.14 ± 1.20 and 0.27 ± 0.26 while PCT,in, SCNT,in, and IT,in among individuals varied 4.9, 5.0, and 8.4×, respectively. These transport selectivities are an order of magnitude lower than those indicated by in vitro ...

Intake of Iodine and Perchlorate and Excretion in Human Milk

Ion chromatographic measurement of sulfide, methanethiolate, sulfite and sulfate in aqueous and air samples.

The determination of water in various matrices is one of the most important analytical measurements. We report on a high-resolution capacitance-based moisture sensor utilizing a thin film of a perfluorosulfonate ionomer (PFSI)-H(3)PO(4) composite in a flow-through configuration, for both gas and liquid samples. Incorporation of H(3)PO(4) into a PFSI sensing film improved the limit of detection (LOD) (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3) by a factor of 16 in the gas phase to 0.075% relative humidity (RH) (dew point = -56 °C). The response time was dependent on the sensing film thickness and composition and was as low as ∼60 ms. The temperature dependence of the sensor response, and its relative selectivity over alcohol and various other solvents, are reported. Measurement of water in organic solvents was carried out in two different ways. In one procedure, the sample was vaporized and swept into the detector (e.g., in a gas chromatograph (GC) without a column); it permitted a throughput of 80 samples/h. This is well-suited for higher (%) levels of water. In the other method, a flow injection analysis system integrated to a tubular dialysis membrane pervaporizer (PV-FIA) was used; the LOD for water in ethanol was 0.019% (w/w). We demonstrated the temporal course of drying of ethanol by Drierite; the PV-FIA results showed excellent correspondence (r(2) > 0.99) with results from GC-thermal conductivity detection. The system can measure trace water in many types of organic solvents; no reagent consumption is involved.

Shin Ichi Ohira

Papers

Micro gas analyzers for environmental and medical applications.

Intake of Iodine and Perchlorate and Excretion in Human Milk

Ion chromatographic measurement of sulfide, methanethiolate, sulfite and sulfate in aqueous and air samples.

A Capacitance Sensor for Water: Trace Moisture Measurement in Gases and Organic Solvents

A fiber optic sensor with a metal organic framework as a sensing material for trace levels of water in industrial gases