As the most important skeletal component in plants, the polysaccharide cellulose is an almost inexhaustible polymeric raw material with fascinating structure and properties. Formed by the repeated connection of D-glucose building blocks, the highly functionalized, linear stiff-chain homopolymer is characterized by its hydrophilicity, chirality, biodegradability, broad chemical modifying capacity, and its formation of versatile semicrystalline fiber morphologies. In view of the considerable increase in interdisciplinary cellulose research and product development over the past decade worldwide, this paper assembles the current knowledge in the structure and chemistry of cellulose, and in the development of innovative cellulose esters and ethers for coatings, films, membranes, building materials, drilling techniques, pharmaceuticals, and foodstuffs. New frontiers, including environmentally friendly cellulose fiber technologies, bacterial cellulose biomaterials, and in-vitro syntheses of cellulose are highlighted together with future aims, strategies, and perspectives of cellulose research and its applications.

Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material

4.3. Reaction Mechanism 2373 4.4. Asymmetric Synthesis 2374 4.5. Outlook 2374 5. Alternating Polymerization of Oxiranes and CO2 2374 5.1. Reaction Outlines 2374 5.2. Catalyst 2376 5.3. Asymmetric Polymerization 2377 5.4. Immobilized Catalysts 2377 6. Synthesis of Urea and Urethane Derivatives 2378 7. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid 2379 8. Synthesis of Esters and Lactones 2380 9. Synthesis of Isocyanates 2382 10. Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation, and Alcohol Homologation 2382

Transformation of carbon dioxide.

Nanostructured materials: basic concepts and microstructure☆

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of ionic lamellar compounds made up of positively charged brucite-like layers with an interlayer region containing charge compensating anions and solvation molecules. Delamination of LDHs is an interesting route for producing positively charged thin platelets with a thickness of a few atomic layers, which can be used as nanocomposites for polymers or as building units for making new designed organic-inorganic or inorganic-inorganic nanomaterials. The synthesis of nanosized LDH platelets can be generally classified into two approaches, bottom-up and top-down. It requires modification of the LDH interlamellar environment and then selection of an appropriate solvent system. In DDS intercalated LDHs, the aliphatic tails of the DDS- anions exhibit a high degree of interdigitation in order to maximize guest-guest dispersive interactions. Bellezza reported that the LDH colloids can also been obtained by employing a reverse microemulsion approach.

Recent advances in the synthesis and application of layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets.

Regional differences in species number have puzzled naturalists ince the early 1800's, and explanations account for a large part of modern ecological research. Two venerable observations form the cornerstone of our knowledge on the subject: The number of species within a taxonomic group tends to increase with decreasing latitude (see Fischer 1960; Pianka 1966); and the number of species within a taxonomic group tends to increase with increasing area (see Preston 1960, 1962; Williams 1964; MacArthur and Wilson 1967; Simberloff 1972). Despite early research on the latter trend (the species-area relationship), ecologists have studied it intensely only in the last 50 yr. The relationship was originally envisioned as an empirical tool and used in three principle ways: (1) to determine optimal sample size and sample number, (2) to determine the minimum area of a \"community,\" and (3) to predict the number of species in areas larger than those sampled. All three uses are discussed by Kilburn (1966). More recently interest in the species-area relationship has focused on mechanistic explanations, its precise mathematical descriptions, and interpretations of parameters derived from these mathematical descriptions. Williams (1964) and Preston (1960, 1962) have proposed that the exponential and power function models (\"exponential model\" throughout his paper also refers to the species/log area transformation, and \"power function\" also refers to the log species/log area transformation) of the species-area relationship result from the way in which individuals are distributed among species. Williams' (1964) exponential model, which emphasizes habitat heterogeneity, was considered important by many plant ecologists but is now largely ignored. Preston's (1960, 1962) power function model was based on the assumption of a dynamic equilibrium of species exchanges between islands in an archipelago. This assumption led to the equation of the power function model with the idea of a dynamic equilibrium as expounded by MacArthur and Wilson (1963, 1967), such that an adequate fit of this model to observed species numbers has been viewed as support of the equilibrium hypothesis (Grant 1970; Diamond 1973; Simpson 1974). The interplay of the equilibrium hypothesis and the power function model of the species-area relationship has led to interpretation of the slope and intercept of the power function model exclusively in the context of the equilibrium hypothesis. In particular, specific values of the slope of the power function are often construed to * Order of authorship determined by the toss of a coin. t Present address: Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620. Am. Nat. 1979. Vol. 113, pp. 791-833. c) 1979 by The University of Chicago. 0003-0147/79/1306-0002$03.26

/pdf/the-statistics-and-biology-of-the-species-area-relationship-442cynzyis.pdf

The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship

The formation of an electron internal transport barrier (eITB) has been observed for the first time with centrally focused electron cyclotron heating (ECH) microwaves injected into plasma in Heliotron J. When the heating power per electron density () exceeds a threshold of , transient increases of both the central T e and the core T e gradients are observed. A neoclassical (NC) calculation using the Sugama–Nishimura moment method predicts that the large positive radial electric field (E r) is formed in the core region. Heat transport analysis shows a significant reduction of the effective electron thermal diffusivity in the plasma with the eITB related to that without the eITB. The large gap between the experimentally obtained effective thermal diffusivity and the NC thermal diffusivity suggests that the suppression of anomalous transport contributes to the core improved confinement of the eITB plasma. The electron cyclotron emission measurement shows both the transient increase and the hysteresis phenomena during the eITB formation.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6587/aa63cf/pdf

Characteristics of electron internal transport barrier in Heliotron J

A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) composed of a dialkyl compound carrying an N-ethylcarbazolyl (Ecz) group and a helical peptide carrying an anthryl (Ant) group was prepared on gold. The photocurrent magnitude of the bicomponent SAM in the presence of an electron acceptor was larger than that of the unicomponent SAMs. The efficient photocurrent generation of the bicomponent SAM is due to the integration of the photoenergy-harvesting and electron-transport systems.

Photocurrent Generation by the Self-Assembled Monolayers Integrating a Photoenergy-Harvesting System and an Electron-Transport System of Helical Peptide

Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.

Polymerization via zwitterion. 20. Alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with p-and o-formylbenzoic acids

Synthesis and polymerization of butadiene-type poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomers

A living cationic ring-opening polymerization of a six-membered cyclic phosphonite initiated with a new catalyst system of a halobenzene with NiBr 2 is disclosed Furthermore, we report a cationic ring-opening polymerization of a three-membered cyclic phosphine, giving rise directly to the polyphosphine derivative

Shiro Kobayashi

Papers

Characteristics of electron internal transport barrier in Heliotron J

Photocurrent Generation by the Self-Assembled Monolayers Integrating a Photoenergy-Harvesting System and an Electron-Transport System of Helical Peptide

Polymerization via zwitterion. 20. Alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with p-and o-formylbenzoic acids

Synthesis and polymerization of butadiene-type poly(2-oxazoline) macromonomers

New Ring-Opening Polymerization of Phosphorus-Containing Cyclic Monomers