The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stressresponse or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole. (Endocrine Reviews 21: 55‐ 89, 2000)

/pdf/how-do-glucocorticoids-influence-stress-responses-4egr3fa2k0.pdf

How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases associated with various metabolic disorders, the main feature of which is chronic hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin action. Its pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors. The long‐term persistence of metabolic disorders can cause susceptibility to specific complications and also foster arteriosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a broad range of clinical presentations, from being asymptomatic to ketoacidosis or coma, depending on the degree of metabolic disorder.

Report of the committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus (revision for international harmonization of HbAle in Japan)

Concept of Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases associated with various metabolic disorders, the main feature of which is chronic hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin action. Its pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors. The long‐term persistence of metabolic disorders can cause susceptibility to specific complications and also foster arteriosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a broad range of clinical presentations, from being asymptomatic to ketoacidosis or coma, depending on the degree of metabolic disorder.

/pdf/report-of-the-committee-on-the-classification-and-diagnostic-1ksha8jl4g.pdf

Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus

Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins.

Advanced glycation endproducts—role in pathology of diabetic complications

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13340-010-0006-7.pdf

Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus

Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by ursodeoxycholic acid.

The response of luteinizing hormone to a single injection of synthetic LRH was established in 6 women and 7 men following an intramuscular dose of 0.2mg or O.lmg. Significant increases of serum LH were observed in 30 min. Pretreatment with metyrapone for one day (4.5 g/subject) provoked a hypersecretion of LH following a single injection of synthetic LRH (0.1 mg/subject). Seven women, 21–48 years of age who were treated with prednisolone for at least l½ months were examined for responsiveness of the anterior pituitary to a single injection of synthetic LRH (0.2 mg). The secretion of LH was markedly suppressed and maximal serum levels of LH were observed 90 min following LRH injection.

Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic LRH by long-term treatment with glucocorticoids in human subjects.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(75)80094-1/pdf

Shoichi Nakagawa

Papers

Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus

Dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by ursodeoxycholic acid.

Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion induced by synthetic LRH by long-term treatment with glucocorticoids in human subjects.

Sulfated and Nonsulfated Bile Acids in Urine, Serum, and Bile of Patients with Hepatobiliary Diseases

Conjugated and Unconjugated Serum Bile Acid Levels in Patients with Hepatobiliary Diseases