With the increasing demand for fuel causing serious environmental pollution, it is urgent to develop new and environmentally friendly energy conversion devices. These energy conversion devices, however, require good, inexpensive materials for electrodes and so on. The multifunctional properties of porphyrins enable framework materials (e.g., metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks) to be applied in energy conversion devices due to their simple synthesis, high chemical stability, abundant metallic active sites, adjustable crystalline structure and high specific surface area. Herein, the types of porphyrin structural blocks are briefly reviewed. They can be used as organic ligands or directly assembled with framework materials to generate high-performance electro-/photo-catalysts. These types of catalysts applied in electro-/photo-catalytic water splitting, electro-/photo-catalytic carbon dioxide reduction, and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction are also summarized and introduced. At the end of the article, we present the challenges of porphyrin-based framework materials in the above application and corresponding solutions. We expect porphyrin-based framework materials to flourish energy conversion in the coming years. 

https://www.sciopen.com/article_pdf/1529713025819033601.pdf

Porphyrin-based Framework Materials for Energy Conversion

A microporous 2D cobalt-based MOF with pyridyl sites and open metal sites for selective adsorption of CO2

/pdf/artificial-intelligence-ai-and-internet-of-medical-things-20rer7my.pdf

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Assisted Biomedical Systems for Intelligent Healthcare

Sensitive and selective detection of chemical and biological analytes is critical in various scientific and technological fields. As an emerging class of multifunctional materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with their unique properties of chemical modularity, large surface area, high stability, low density, and tunable pore sizes and functionalities, which together define their programmable properties, show promise in advancing chemical detection. This review demonstrates the recent progress in chemical detection where COFs constitute an integral component of the achieved function. This review highlights how the unique properties of COFs can be harnessed to develop different types of chemical detection systems based on the principles of chromism, luminescence, electrical transduction, chromatography, spectrometry, and others to achieve highly sensitive and selective detection of various analytes, ranging from gases, volatiles, ions, to biomolecules. The key parameters of detection performance for target analytes are summarized, compared, and analyzed from the perspective of the detection mechanism and structure–property–performance correlations of COFs. Conclusions summarize the current accomplishments and analyze the challenges and limitations that exist for chemical detection under different mechanisms. Perspectives on how future directions of research can advance the COF-based chemical detection through innovation in novel COF design and synthesis, progress in device fabrication, and exploration of novel modes of detection are also discussed.

Covalent organic frameworks as multifunctional materials for chemical detection.

Marine biofouling remains one of the key challenges for maritime industries, both for seafaring and stationary structures. Currently used biocide-based approaches suffer from significant drawbacks, coming at a significant cost to the environment into which the biocides are released, whereas novel environmentally friendly approaches are often difficult to translate from lab bench to commercial scale. In this article, current biocide-based strategies and their adverse environmental effects are briefly outlined, showing significant gaps that could be addressed through advanced materials engineering. Current research towards the use of natural antifouling products and strategies based on physio-chemical properties is then reviewed, focusing on the recent progress and promising novel developments in the field of environmentally benign marine antifouling technologies based on advanced nanocomposites, synergistic effects and biomimetic approaches are discussed and their benefits and potential drawbacks are compared to existing techniques.

Functional nanomaterials, synergisms, and biomimicry for environmentally benign marine antifouling technology.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are exceptionally large surface area materials with organized porous cages that have been investigated for nearly three decades. Due to the flexibility in their design and predisposition toward functionalization, they have shown promise in many areas of application, including chemical sensing. Consequently, they are identified as advanced materials with potential for deployment in analytical devices for chemical and biochemical sensing applications, where high sensitivity is desirable, for example, in environmental monitoring and to advance personal diagnostics. To keep abreast of new research, which signposts the future directions in the development of MOF-based chemical sensors, this review examines studies since 2015 that focus on the applications of MOF films and devices in chemical sensing. Various examples that use MOF films in solid-state sensing applications were drawn from recent studies based on electronic, electrochemical, electromechanical and optical sensing methods. These examples underscore the readiness of MOFs to be integrated in optical and electronic analytical devices. Also, preliminary demonstrations of future sensors are indicated in the performances of MOF-based wearables and smartphone sensors. This review will inspire collaborative efforts between scientists and engineers working within the field of MOFs, leading to greater innovations and accelerating the development of MOF-based analytical devices for chemical and biochemical sensing applications.

Shu Teng Geh

Papers

Metal–organic frameworks for chemical sensing devices