다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have emerged as high-priority materials for safe, energy-dense and reversible storage of electrochemical energy in batteries. In this Review, we assess recent progress in the design, synthesis and analysis of SSEs, and identify key failure modes, performance limitations and design concepts for creating SSEs to meet requirements for practical applications. We provide an overview of the development and characteristics of SSEs, followed by analysis of ion transport in the bulk and at interfaces based on different single-valent (Li+, Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Al3+) cation carriers of contemporary interest. We analyse the progress in overcoming issues associated with the poor ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance of inorganic SSEs and the poor oxidative stability and cation transference numbers of polymer SSEs. Perspectives are provided on the design requirements for future generations of SSEs, with a focus on the chemical, geometric, mechanical, electrochemical and interfacial transport features required to accelerate progress towards practical solid-state batteries in which metals are paired with energetic cathode chemistries, including Ni-rich and Li-rich intercalating materials, sustainable organic materials, S8, O2 and CO2. Solid-state batteries based on electrolytes with low or zero vapour pressure provide a promising path towards safe, energy-dense storage of electrical energy. In this Review, we consider the requirements and design rules for solid-state electrolytes based on inorganics, organic polymers and organic–inorganic hybrids.

Designing solid-state electrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large-scale energy storage systems owing to their low cost and high safety. Research on suppressing zinc dendrite growth has meanwhile attracted widespread attention to improve the lifespan and reversibility of batteries. Herein, design methods for dendrite-free zinc anodes and their internal mechanisms are reviewed from the perspective of optimizing the host-zinc interface and the zinc-electrolyte interface. Furthermore, a design strategy is proposed to homogenize zinc deposition by regulating the interfacial electric field and ion distribution during zinc nucleation and growth. This Minireview can offer potential directions for the rational design of dendrite-free zinc anodes employed in aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

Interfacial design of dendrite‐free zinc anodes for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries have been considered as a promising candidate for next-generation batteries. However, the formation of zinc dendrites are the most severe problems limiting their practical applications. To develop stable zinc metal anodes, a synergistic method is presented that combines the Cu-Zn solid solution interface on a copper mesh skeleton with good zinc affinity and a polyacrylamide electrolyte additive to modify the zinc anode, which can greatly reduce the overpotential of the zinc nucleation and increase the stability of zinc deposition. The as-prepared zinc anodes show a dendrite-free plating/stripping behavior over a wide range of current densities. The symmetric cell using this dendrite-free anode can be cycled for more than 280 h with a very low voltage hysteresis (93.1 mV) at a discharge depth of 80 %. The high capacity retention and low polarization are also realized in Zn/MnO2 full cells.

The Three-Dimensional Dendrite-Free Zinc Anode on a Copper Mesh with a Zinc-Oriented Polyacrylamide Electrolyte Additive

Aqueous Zn batteries that provide a synergistic integration of absolute safety and high energy density have been considered as highly promising energy-storage systems for powering electronics. Despite the rapid progress made in developing high-performance cathodes and electrolytes, the underestimated but non-negligible dendrites of Zn anode have been observed to shorten battery lifespan. Herein, this dendrite issue in Zn anodes, with regard to fundamentals, protection strategies, characterization techniques, and theoretical simulations, is systematically discussed. An overall comparison between the Zn dendrite and its Li and Al counterparts, to highlight their differences in both origin and topology, is given. Subsequently, in-depth clarifications of the specific influence factors of Zn dendrites, including the accumulation effect and the cathode loading mass (a distinct factor for laboratory studies and practical applications) are presented. Recent advances in Zn dendrite protection are then comprehensively summarized and categorized to generate an overview of respective superiorities and limitations of various strategies. Accordingly, theoretical computations and advanced characterization approaches are introduced as mechanism guidelines and measurement criteria for dendrite suppression, respectively. The concluding section emphasizes future challenges in addressing the Zn dendrite issue and potential approaches to further promoting the lifespan of Zn batteries.

Dendrites in Zn-Based Batteries.

Aqueous batteries with zinc metal anodes are promising alternatives to Li-ion batteries for grid storage because of their abundance and benefits in cost, safety, and nontoxicity. However, short cyclability due to zinc dendrite growth remains a major obstacle. Here, we report a cross-linked polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based cation exchange membrane that is low cost and mechanically robust. Li2S3 reacts with PAN, simultaneously leading to cross-linking and formation of sulfur-containing functional groups. Hydrolysis of the membrane results in the formation of a membrane that achieves preferred cation transport and homogeneous ionic flux distribution. The separator is thin (30 μm-thick), almost 9 times stronger than hydrated Nafion, and made of low-cost materials. The membrane separator enables exceptionally long cyclability (>350 cycles) of Zn/Zn symmetric cells with low polarization and effective dendrite suppression. Our work demonstrates that the design of new separators is a fruitful pathway to enhancing th...

Dendrite Suppression Membranes for Rechargeable Zinc Batteries.

Printing techniques could offer a scalable approach to fabricate thermoelectric (TE) devices on flexible substrates for power generation used in wearable devices and personalized thermo-regulation. However, typical printing processes need a large concentration of binder additives, which often render a detrimental effect on electrical transport of the printed TE layers. Here, we report scalable screen-printing of TE layers on flexible fiber glass fabrics, by rationally optimizing the printing inks consisting of TE particles (p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 or n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3), binders, and organic solvents. We identified a suitable binder additive, methyl cellulose, which offers suitable viscosity for printability at a very small concentration (0.45-0.60 wt.%), thus minimizing its negative impact on electrical transport. Following printing, the binders were subsequently burnt off via sintering and hot pressing. We found that the nanoscale defects left behind after the binder burnt off became effective phonon scattering centers, leading to low lattice thermal conductivity in the printed n-type material. With the high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity, the screen-printed TE layers showed high room-temperature ZT values of 0.65 and 0.81 for p-type and n-type, respectively.

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High-Performance Screen-Printed Thermoelectric Films on Fabrics

Amorphous Si (a-Si) nanostructures are ubiquitous in numerous electronic and optoelectronic devices. Amorphous materials are considered to possess the lower limit to the thermal conductivity (κ), which is ∼1 W·m–1 K–1 for a-Si. However, recent work suggested that κ of micrometer-thick a-Si films can be greater than 3 W·m–1 K–1, which is contributed to by propagating vibrational modes, referred to as “propagons”. However, precise determination of κ in a-Si has been elusive. Here, we used structures of a-Si nanotubes and suspended a-Si films that enabled precise in-plane thermal conductivity (κ∥) measurement within a wide thickness range of 5 nm to 1.7 μm. We showed unexpectedly high κ∥ in a-Si nanostructures, reaching ∼3.0 and 5.3 W·m–1 K–1 at ∼100 nm and 1.7 μm, respectively. Furthermore, the measured κ∥ is significantly higher than the cross-plane κ on the same films. This unusually high and anisotropic thermal conductivity in the amorphous Si nanostructure manifests the surprisingly broad propagon mean ...

Shuang Cui

Papers

Dendrite Suppression Membranes for Rechargeable Zinc Batteries.

High-Performance Screen-Printed Thermoelectric Films on Fabrics

Unusually High and Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity in Amorphous Silicon Nanostructures.

Thermal conductivity reduction of tungsten plasma facing material due to helium plasma irradiation in PISCES using the improved 3-omega method

Bio-inspired effective and regenerable building cooling using tough hydrogels