MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼23 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their posttranscriptional repression. This review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.

MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental, emotional and psychological health of Frontline nurses. This study examines the impact of fear of COVID-19 on nurses’ turnover intention, se...

Impact of Fear of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Nurses in Pakistan

Introduction: Teaching is a stressful profession that exposes workers to the risk of burnout. Techniques involving higher mental functions, such as transcendental meditation and prayer, have been used in stress and burnout prevention programs. In this study, we report the results of an experience conducted in a group of teachers of a religious institute, in which prayer was used as a technique to prevent burnout. Methods: 50 teachers and support staff employed at a Catholic school of a Congregation of nuns volunteered for this study. They were randomized into 2 groups: Prayer Treatment (PT) (n = 25) or control group (n = 25). The treatment protocol was based on the combination of individual Christian prayer and a focus group of prayer-reflection. The participants received two 30 min training sessions a week over two months. Job satisfaction, well-being and burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization sub-scales) were measured at baseline and at follow-up (4 months) with the Italian versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) validated for teaching and education sector, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) and the Warr, Cook, and Wall's Job Satisfaction Scale. Results: At follow-up, a significant improvement of all outcome measures was observed. Emotional exhaustion (16.80 to 4.92, p < 0.001), Depersonalization (3.72 to 0.60, p <0.001) levels, psychological impairment (10.08 to 2.04, p< 0.001) were significantly decreased, job satisfaction (45.96 to 77.00, p< 0.001) was increased. The effect sizes (Glass’ Δ) of the therapeutic interventions ranged from 0.53 (satisfaction level) to 2.87 (psychological health), suggesting moderate to large effects. Discussion: Prayer could be effective, no less than meditation and other spiritual or mind-body techniques, in contrasting the negative effects of occupational stress and preventing burnout among teachers and, possibly, other human service professionals.

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Spirituality and Prayer on Teacher Stress and Burnout in an Italian Cohort: A Pilot, Before-After Controlled Study.

Aim To propose a theoretical model of intention to stay (ITS) and examine the effects of perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction on ITS. Design Cross-sectional multicentre survey. Methods The survey was conducted from January 2017-July 2017 and comprised 3,240 clinical nurses from nine tertiary hospitals in eastern, central and western China, with 2,352 effective responses. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the relationship between ITS and its correlative factors. Results The hypothesized model was supported. Job control, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction significantly and directly affected nurses' ITS. Furthermore, job control and perceived organizational support showed indirect effects on ITS, which was mediated by job satisfaction. Perceived organizational support could positively influence job control to have a further impact on job satisfaction and ITS. Conclusion Based on a large sample of Chinese tertiary hospital nurses, this study proposed and verified a theoretical model of nurses' ITS, revealing that organization characteristics, work characteristics and affective response to work can have an impact on ITS. Impact This study was the first to examine the relationships among perceived organizational support, job control, job satisfaction and ITS, enriching the theoretical model of ITS. Nurse managers can improve nurses' ITS by enhancing their perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction.

Nurses' intention to stay: The impact of perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction.

Aim
To explore the relationship between spiritual climate and transformational leadership, and examine their impact on nurses perceived emotional exhaustion and intentions to quit.

Background
Transformational leadership is known to have a significant positive effect on work environment and job satisfaction. Additionally, promoting spiritual climate amongst staff can benefit workers by increasing self‐worth. The relationship between the two is unknown.

Methods
Nurse clinicians from 2 sites in the Jiangsu Province of China completed self‐report questionnaires based on spiritual climate, emotional exhaustion, clinical leadership and Turnover Intention Scales. Mediation analysis was applied to evaluate impact of spiritual climate.

Results
Perceived positive spirituality amongst nurse clinicians reinforces transformational leadership to reduce emotional exhaustion (indirect effect of −0.089, p < .01). Burnout and intention to leave showed significantly positive correlation with lower levels of perceived spirituality (r = .545, p < .01).

Conclusion
Transformational leadership in the workplace can reduce nurses' burnout, and a positive spiritual climate increases meaningfulness in their work. This may help in nurse retention.

Implications for Nursing Management
Health care leaders must look beyond transformational leadership to maintain a positive and supportive clinical climate, and this may involve acknowledgement of nurses' spiritual needs.

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Positive spiritual climate supports transformational leadership as means to reduce nursing burnout and intent to leave.

Aim: This study aims to identify the role that spiritual climate has in reducing burnout and intentions to leave amongst clinical nurses. Background: Both shortages and the high turnover of nurses are challenging problems worldwide. Enhancing the spiritual climate amongst nurses can enhance teamwork, organisational commitment and job satisfaction and can play a role in reducing burnout and turnover intention. 
Methods: A total of 207 clinical nurses working at a tertiary university hospital were included in this cross-sectional, single-site study. Independent-samples t test and ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to explore the relationships amongst related factors. 
Results: Most clinical departments showed a moderate spiritual climate (60.24±0.82) with high job burnout (33.62±0.28) and turnover intention (2.37±0.57). A good spiritual climate was correlated with high job satisfaction (r=0.412, p < 0.01), low burnout and turnover intention (r = −0.423, p < 0.01 and r = −0.292, p < 0.01, respectively). Spiritual climate could also indirectly influence nurses' job burnout and turnover intention (R2 = 10.31%).

Conclusions
Different departments have different spiritual climates. The findings from this study indicate that spiritual climate may impact nursing burnout and turnover.

Implications for nursing management
Using a spiritual climate scale provides health care decision-makers with clear information about staff spirituality well-being. Interventions to improve spiritual climate can benefit teamwork in clinical departments.

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Relationship between burnout and intention to leave amongst clinical nurses: the role of spiritual climate

Aims and objectives To summarize and thematize fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) to provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective interventions. Background FOH is common in this population and can reduce quality of life(QOL) and adversely impact upon diabetes self-care management. Design a systematic review METHODS: Articles published between 2000 and 2019 were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan-fang data and VIP). Eligible articles were selected using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of all articles finally included was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools. Results Eighteen studies from 8654 papers were included. The sample size of each study ranged from 48 to 3812 subjects. FOH negatively impacted QOL, particularly psychosocial functioning, daily life and sleep quality. Conclusions FOH is a common and serious problem for patients, leading to poor QOL. It has been suggested that psychological concerns, QOL and effective countermeasures in individuals with T1D and T2D should be taken seriously. Advanced technology should be evaluated for its benefits before being used by patients. Relevance to clinical practice The review highlights that FOH negatively impacts QOL, including psychosocial factors, daily life and sleep quality. Healthcare providers should develop targeted and professional assessment tools for FOH and QOL for patients with T2D, especially for patients who are about 60 years old. Advanced technology should be evaluated for its benefits before being used by patients.

Fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review

Objective Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that occurs after acute GI infection. Recent studies showed that microRNAs were involved in the occurrence and development of IBS. Here, we elaborated the role of miR-510 in the occurrence of PI-IBS and analyzed its mechanism. Methods We detected the expressions of miR-510 and PRDX1 in colonic mucosal tissues by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we transfected Caco-2 cells with miR-510 mimic, anti-miR-510, si-PRDX1, and control, then evaluated the cell viability and apoptosis by CCK8 assay and flow cytometry, assessed expression levels of PRDX1 by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Results MiR-510 expression was downregulated and negatively correlated with TNF-α, whereas PRDX1 expression was upregulated in PI-IBS colonic mucosal tissues. LPS at concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/ml can significantly induce inflammatory injury in Caco-2 cells. MiR-510 overexpression aggravated the injury induced by LPS, as reflected by increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis, and less production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. miR-510 mimic transfection in cells significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein expression levels of PRDX1. Furthermore, the inflammatory injury induced by LPS was exacerbated by upregulating PRDX1 expression when miR-510 was knocked down. Conclusion MiR-510 downregulation in intestinal tissue might contribute to PI-IBS via targeting PRDX1. The results of this study will not only enrich the pathogenesis of PI-IBS but also make us understand the biological activity of miR-510 and provide important experimental basis for PI-IBS clinical treatment targeting miR-510.

Decreased expression of microRNA-510 in intestinal tissue contributes to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome via targeting PRDX1.

Aim The study aimed to explore the association between diabetes-related distress as a dependent variable and fear of hypoglycaemia as a independent variable in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes, which can provide a basis for the development of effective nursing interventions. Design A cross-sectional descriptive study. Methods Pre-piloted scales were used to determine whether they experienced fear of hypoglycaemia and whether this impacted upon their management of the disease. From June-October 2019, participants were asked to complete the "hypoglycaemia fear survey" and "diabetes distress scales" to assess levels of fear and distress. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was applied to reveal relationship between distress as a dependent variable and fear as a independent variable. Covariates included demographic, clinical or lifestyle factors. Results A total of 258 participants were recruited for the survey, and they were characterized by little or no distress (39.53%), moderate distress (45.35%) and high distress (15.12%). The prevalence of moderate to severe distress in patients was 60.47%. Increased diabetes-related distress was strongly correlated with increased fear of hypoglycaemia and closely associated with the scores of the worry and behaviour subscales. These results indicated that 62.3% of diabetes-related distress may be explained by fear of hypoglycaemia. Conclusion Increased diabetes-related distress is associated with increased fear of hypoglycaemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

The association between diabetes-related distress and fear of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional descriptive study.

Shuang Li

Papers

Positive spiritual climate supports transformational leadership as means to reduce nursing burnout and intent to leave.

Relationship between burnout and intention to leave amongst clinical nurses: the role of spiritual climate

Fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review

Decreased expression of microRNA-510 in intestinal tissue contributes to post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome via targeting PRDX1.

The association between diabetes-related distress and fear of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional descriptive study.