MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼23 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their posttranscriptional repression. This review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.

MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions

Filopodia, “the fingers that do the walking,” have been identified on endothelial cells at the tip of sprouting vessels for half a century, but the key role of the tip cell in vessel branching has been recognized only in the past few years. A model is emerging, whereby tip cells lead the way in a branching vessel, stalk cells elongate the sprout, and a very recently discovered phalanx cell ensures quiescence and perfusion of the newly formed branch. Recent genetic studies have shed light on the molecular signature of these distinct endothelial phenotypes; this provides a novel conceptual framework of how vessel morphogenesis occurs. Here, we will discuss the molecular candidates that participate in the decision of endothelial cells to adapt these distinct fates and highlight the emerging insights on how these cells send out filopodia while navigating.

Mechanisms of Vessel Branching. Filopodia on Endothelial Tip Cells Lead the Way

The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer

Tumor cells frequently exhibit decreased adhesiveness due to failure to deposit stromal fibronectin (FN), permitting more rapid proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Although up-regulation of FN has been noted in gene profiles of carcinomas compared with normal tissue, reduced FN expression has been described at the peripheral margins of invading tumors. In this study, we investigate the role of FN in cancer behavior. Using human thyroid carcinoma cells with stably down-regulated FN, we performed gene profiling and created an orthotopic mouse model. We stably overexpressed the FN target, MAGE A3, which has also been identified as a target of the breast cancer risk factor fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and examined the functional effects in vitro and in vivo in a flank model and an orthotopic model of thyroid cancer. Mouse xenografts showed significantly enhanced tumor growth as well as larger and more numerous lung metastases in response to FN silencing. Gene profiling identified the melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE A3) as significantly up-regulated in response to FN silencing. Forced expression of MAGE A3 resulted in p21 down-regulation, accelerated cell cycle progression, increased cell migration rate, and invasion in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model where microcomputed tomography confirmed lung metastases that recapitulate the progression of human thyroid cancer. We conclude that MAGE A3 is a functional integrator of diverse signals, including FGFR2 and FN, to modulate cancer progression.

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/68/19/8104.full.pdf

The melanoma-associated antigen A3 mediates fibronectin-controlled cancer progression and metastasis.

https://michel.bwh.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ChenVASPcGMPJBC2008.pdf

Atrial natriuretic peptide-initiated cGMP pathways regulate vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation and angiogenesis in vascular endothelium.

Aim
To explore the relationship between spiritual climate and transformational leadership, and examine their impact on nurses perceived emotional exhaustion and intentions to quit.

Background
Transformational leadership is known to have a significant positive effect on work environment and job satisfaction. Additionally, promoting spiritual climate amongst staff can benefit workers by increasing self‐worth. The relationship between the two is unknown.

Methods
Nurse clinicians from 2 sites in the Jiangsu Province of China completed self‐report questionnaires based on spiritual climate, emotional exhaustion, clinical leadership and Turnover Intention Scales. Mediation analysis was applied to evaluate impact of spiritual climate.

Results
Perceived positive spirituality amongst nurse clinicians reinforces transformational leadership to reduce emotional exhaustion (indirect effect of −0.089, p < .01). Burnout and intention to leave showed significantly positive correlation with lower levels of perceived spirituality (r = .545, p < .01).

Conclusion
Transformational leadership in the workplace can reduce nurses' burnout, and a positive spiritual climate increases meaningfulness in their work. This may help in nurse retention.

Implications for Nursing Management
Health care leaders must look beyond transformational leadership to maintain a positive and supportive clinical climate, and this may involve acknowledgement of nurses' spiritual needs.

/pdf/positive-spiritual-climate-supports-transformational-vry9gbkplf.pdf

Positive spiritual climate supports transformational leadership as means to reduce nursing burnout and intent to leave.

Aim: This study aims to identify the role that spiritual climate has in reducing burnout and intentions to leave amongst clinical nurses. Background: Both shortages and the high turnover of nurses are challenging problems worldwide. Enhancing the spiritual climate amongst nurses can enhance teamwork, organisational commitment and job satisfaction and can play a role in reducing burnout and turnover intention. 
Methods: A total of 207 clinical nurses working at a tertiary university hospital were included in this cross-sectional, single-site study. Independent-samples t test and ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to explore the relationships amongst related factors. 
Results: Most clinical departments showed a moderate spiritual climate (60.24±0.82) with high job burnout (33.62±0.28) and turnover intention (2.37±0.57). A good spiritual climate was correlated with high job satisfaction (r=0.412, p < 0.01), low burnout and turnover intention (r = −0.423, p < 0.01 and r = −0.292, p < 0.01, respectively). Spiritual climate could also indirectly influence nurses' job burnout and turnover intention (R2 = 10.31%).

Conclusions
Different departments have different spiritual climates. The findings from this study indicate that spiritual climate may impact nursing burnout and turnover.

Implications for nursing management
Using a spiritual climate scale provides health care decision-makers with clear information about staff spirituality well-being. Interventions to improve spiritual climate can benefit teamwork in clinical departments.

/pdf/relationship-between-burnout-and-intention-to-leave-amongst-3ueuda825o.pdf

Relationship between burnout and intention to leave amongst clinical nurses: the role of spiritual climate

miR-30c has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor and negatively regulate cancer metastasis by directly targeting metastasis associated genes; however, miR-30c has also been shown to promote the invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells, suggesting that miR-30c might be involved in cancer cell metastasis in different ways via targeting different genes. In this study, we demonstrated that over-expression and knockdown of immediate early response protein 2 (IER2) modulated the general capacity of the migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 and HepG2, whereas overexpression and knockdown of miR-30c decreased and promoted cell motility, respectively. Further studies revealed that miR-30c overexpression down-regulated the expression of IER2 protein but not its mRNA level, and miR-30c can directly target the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of IER2, and subsequently reducing its expression. Moreover, we also showed that suppression of cell motility by miR-30c was partially rescued by IER2 re-expression. Our results indicated that miR-30c may function as a negative regulator in cell motility, with IER2 as a direct and functional target in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells.

miR-30c negatively regulates the migration and invasion by targeting the immediate early response protein 2 in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells.

Aims and objectives To summarize and thematize fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) to provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective interventions. Background FOH is common in this population and can reduce quality of life(QOL) and adversely impact upon diabetes self-care management. Design a systematic review METHODS: Articles published between 2000 and 2019 were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and three Chinese databases (CNKI, Wan-fang data and VIP). Eligible articles were selected using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of all articles finally included was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal tools. Results Eighteen studies from 8654 papers were included. The sample size of each study ranged from 48 to 3812 subjects. FOH negatively impacted QOL, particularly psychosocial functioning, daily life and sleep quality. Conclusions FOH is a common and serious problem for patients, leading to poor QOL. It has been suggested that psychological concerns, QOL and effective countermeasures in individuals with T1D and T2D should be taken seriously. Advanced technology should be evaluated for its benefits before being used by patients. Relevance to clinical practice The review highlights that FOH negatively impacts QOL, including psychosocial factors, daily life and sleep quality. Healthcare providers should develop targeted and professional assessment tools for FOH and QOL for patients with T2D, especially for patients who are about 60 years old. Advanced technology should be evaluated for its benefits before being used by patients.

Fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review

Human immediate early response 2 (IER2) has been reported to function as a potential transcriptional factor or transcriptional co‑activator and seems to play a pivotal role in tumor cell motility and metastasis, however, its role and underlying mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that overexpression of IER2 in HCC cells increased cell adhesion to fibronectin, migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of IER2 displayed the opposite effects. In agreement with this phenotype, IER2 expression was positively correlated with the metastatic potential and integrin β1 (ITGB1) expression in HCC cell lines. Moreover, we demonstrated a critical role for IER2 in regulation of HCC cell‑extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and motility by the transcriptionally promoted ITGB1. Furthermore, we showed that ITGB1‑focal adhesion kinase (FAK)‑Src‑paxillin signal pathway activated by IER2 may contribute to the HCC cell‑ECM adhesion and motility. These results demonstrated that IER2 promoted HCC cell adhesion and motility probably by directly increasing ITGB1 expression and subsequently activating the ITGB1‑FAK‑Src‑paxillin signal pathway.

/pdf/immediate-early-response-protein-2-regulates-hepatocellular-2832kn41sx.pdf

Yu Zhang

Papers

Positive spiritual climate supports transformational leadership as means to reduce nursing burnout and intent to leave.

Relationship between burnout and intention to leave amongst clinical nurses: the role of spiritual climate

miR-30c negatively regulates the migration and invasion by targeting the immediate early response protein 2 in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells.

Fear of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review

Immediate early response protein 2 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell adhesion and motility via integrin β1-mediated signaling pathway