KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)〔和文〕 (特集 ゲノム医学の現在と未来--基礎と臨床) -- (データベース)

The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed.

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Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions

Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review.

PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources

Microplastics have become emerging contaminants, causing widespread concern about their potential toxic effects. In this study, the uptake and tissue accumulation of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in zebrafish were detected, and the toxic effects in liver were investigated. The results showed that after 7 days of exposure, 5 μm diameter MPs accumulated in fish gills, liver, and gut, while 20 μm diameter MPs accumulated only in fish gills and gut. Histopathological analysis showed that both 5 μm and 70 nm PS-MPs caused inflammation and lipid accumulation in fish liver. PS-MPs also induced significantly increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, indicating that oxidative stress was induced after treatment with MPs. In addition, metabolomic analysis suggested that exposure to MPs induced alterations of metabolic profiles in fish liver and disturbed the lipid and energy metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the toxic effects of MPs on fish.

Uptake and Accumulation of Polystyrene Microplastics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Toxic Effects in Liver.

Metagenomic insights into chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in drinking water.

Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the source water and drinking water of China: Quantitative analysis based on published monitoring data.

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/10140.pdf

Microbial PAH-Degradation in Soil: Degradation Pathways and Contributing Factors

Class 1 integrons and gene cassettes containing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in five different sewage treatment plants (STPs) were characterized and quantified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in this study. Class 1 integronase gene (intI1) was found commonly occurring in all of activated sludge samples from the five STPs, as well as in influent and effluent of two STPs at Hong Kong. One hundred and nine lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) strains were isolated from activated sludge of Shatin STP. Among them, 36 strains (33.0%) were found to carry class 1 integrons. PCR assays showed that 11 of the 36 intI1-carrying isolates harbored a common type of gene cassette array of about 1,600 bps, as well as the static genes (sulI and qacEΔ1) on class 1 integrons. This gene cassette array was found phylogenetically close to antibiotic resistance genes dfr17 and aadA5, encoding dihydrofolate reductase conferring resistance to trimethoprim and adenylyltransferase conferring resistance to spectinomycin/streptomycin, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis demonstrated that all the 11 LFEs carrying gene cassette were multi-resistant, especially having common resistance to trimethoprim and streptomycin. qRT-PCR assay showed that genes copies of both class 1 integron and the gene cassette varied significantly among the activated sludge sampled from different STPs, at different time points or different treatment steps. More than 90% of class 1 integrons and the gene cassette were removed by activated sludge processes in two STPs, while the disinfection process removed 94% integron and 77% gene cassette in one STP.

Characterization and quantification of class 1 integrons and associated gene cassettes in sewage treatment plants

Human health risk analysis for 24 organic pollutants in drinking water of Nanjing was conducted. For non-carcinogenic risk, the 95th percentile hazard quotient (HQ) values of pollutants were all less than the unacceptable level of one. Considering the lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR), however, the 95th percentile LCR values of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (1.30E-05), benzo(b)fluoranthene (3.10E-05), benzo(a)pyrene (3.37E-05) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (2.09E-05) exceeded the unacceptable level of 1.00 E-05. These results suggest that organic pollutants in drinking water of Nanjing might pose potential lifetime carcinogenic risk for local consumers, and concerted efforts are required to ensure safety of consumers.

Shupei Cheng

Papers

Metagenomic insights into chlorination effects on microbial antibiotic resistance in drinking water.

Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the source water and drinking water of China: Quantitative analysis based on published monitoring data.

Microbial PAH-Degradation in Soil: Degradation Pathways and Contributing Factors

Characterization and quantification of class 1 integrons and associated gene cassettes in sewage treatment plants

Health risk from exposure of organic pollutants through drinking water consumption in Nanjing, China.