In 2004, the first American Heart Association scientific statement on “Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease” concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to card...

https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/p2676x621

Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/37676/cdc_37676_DS1.pdf

Toxicological Profile for Lead

This document presents answers to 24 questions relevant to reviewing European policies on air pollution and to addressing health aspects of these policies. The answers were developed by a large group of scientists engaged in the WHO project “Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP”. The experts reviewed and discussed the newly accumulated scientific evidence on the adverse effects on health of air pollution, formulating science-based answers to the 24 questions. Extensive rationales for the answers, including the list of key references, are provided. The review concludes that a considerable amount of new scientific information on the adverse effects on health of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide, observed at levels commonly present in Europe, has been published in recent years. This new evidence supports the scientific conclusions of the WHO air quality guidelines, last updated in 2005, and indicates that the effects in some cases occur at air pollution concentrations lower than those serving to establish these guidelines. It also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the burden of disease associated with air pollution in Europe. This publication arises from the project REVIHAAP and has been co-funded by the European Union.

Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP Project. Technical Report. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe 2013

The concentration of indoor ozone depends on a number of factors, including the outdoor ozone concentration, air exchange rates, indoor emission rates, surface removal rates, and reactions between ozone and other chemicals in the air. Outdoor ozone concentrations often display strong diurnal variations, and this adds a dynamic excitation to the transport and chemical mechanisms at play. Hence, indoor ozone concentrations can vary significantly from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season, as well as from room-to-room and structure-to- structure. Under normal conditions, the half-life of ozone indoors is between 7 and 10 min and is determined primarily by surface removal and air exchange. Although reactions between ozone and most other indoor pollutants are thermodynamically favorable, in the majority of cases they are quite slow. Rate constants for reactions of ozone with the more commonly identified indoor pollutants are summarized in this article. They show that only a small fraction of the reactions occur at a rate fast enough to compete with air exchange, assuming typical indoor ozone concentrations. In the case of organic compounds, the “fast” reactions involve compounds with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Although such compounds typically comprise less than 10% of indoor pollutants, their reactions with ozone have the potential to be quite significant as sources of indoor free radicals and multifunctional (−C=O, −COOH, −OH) stable compounds that are often quite odorous. The stable compounds are present as both gas phase and condensed phase species, with the latter contributing to the overall concentration of indoor submicron particles. Indeed, ozone/alkene reactions provide a link between outdoor ozone, outdoor particles and indoor particles. Indoor ozone and the products derived from reactions initiated by indoor ozone are potentially damaging to both human health and materials; more detailed explication of these impacts is an area of active investigation.

https://www.4office.ca/wp-content/uploads/Tab-12b-Indoor-Ozone.pdf

Ozone in indoor environments: concentration and chemistry.

Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.

/pdf/neurotoxic-effects-and-biomarkers-of-lead-exposure-a-review-c1ugct7w4r.pdf

Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review.

ObjectiveLow-level postnatal lead exposure is associated with poor intellectual development in children, although effects of prenatal exposure are less well studied. We hypothesized that prenatal l...

https://michigan.gov/documents/mdch/Prenatal_Lead_ExpEHP_216621_7.pdf

Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure.

BackgroundThe mechanisms of particulate matter (PM)-induced health effects are believed to involve inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PU...

The Effect of Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Elderly Exposed to PM2.5

As part of a study on the potential adverse health effects of ozone exposure on the respiratory health of young children residing in Mexico City, we used passive ozone monitoring devices to determine microenvironmental ozone concentrations. Indoor and outdoor ozone concentrations were measured at 145 homes and at the schools of participating children. In addition, outdoor concentrations were also measured with continuous monitors at the schools and at stationary outdoor monitoring sites. At the children's homes, indoor ozone levels were 1030% of the outdoor ozone concentrations. The mean indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratio was 0.20 (SD = 0.18). The highest I/O ratios were observed in homes where windows were usually open during the day, and where there was carpeting or air filters. At school during class hours, the I/O ratio was higher (0.3 to 0.4) than at the children's homes, due to periodic opening of the doors and windows. Given the large disparity in ozone concentrations between different microenv...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.1998.10463684

Evaluation of indoor ozone concentration and predictors of indoor-outdoor ratio in Mexico City

We examined the association of breastfeeding and the presence of chronic respiratory symptoms among 5182 Brazilian schoolchildren 7–14 years of age who were participants in the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The prevalence of medically diagnosed asthma and current wheeze were respectively 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0%–5.2%) and 11.9% (95% CI 11.0%–12.8%). Ninety percent of the mothers in our study population had breastfed their child. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found that children who had not been breastfed were more likely to have a medical diagnosis of asthma (odds ration [OR] = 1.51, 95% CI 1.00–2.51), experience current wheeze (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 0.96–1.74), and wheeze after exercise (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.01–2.27) than children who had been breastfed for more than 6 months. This effect was only present among children with no family history of asthma (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 0.90–2.42 for medical diagnosis of asthma; OR = 1.27, 95% CI 0.93...

Silvia Ruiz Velasco

Papers

Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure.

The Effect of Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Elderly Exposed to PM2.5

Evaluation of indoor ozone concentration and predictors of indoor-outdoor ratio in Mexico City

Breastfeeding and Asthma among Brazilian children