Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors

Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring

Industrial applications of immobilized enzymes—A review

Screen-printing is one of the most promising approaches towards simple, rapid and inexpensive production of biosensors. Disposable biosensors based on screen printed electrodes (SPEs) including microelectrodes and modified electrodes have led to new possibilities in the detection and quantitation of biomolecules, pesticides, antigens, DNA, microorganisms and enzymes. SPE-based sensors are in tune with the growing need for performing rapid and accurate in-situ analyses and for the development of portable devices. This review (with 226 refs.) first gives an introduction into the topic and then is subdivided into sections (a) on DNA sensors (including methods for the detection of hybridization and damage), (b) on aptasensors (for thrombin, OTA, immunoglobulins and cancer biomarkers), (c) on immunosensors (for microorganisms, immunoglobulins, toxins, hormones, lactoferrin and biomarkers), (d) on enzymatic biosensors (for glucose, hydrogen peroxide, various pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters, amino acids, NADH, enzyme based sensors).

Screen-printed electrodes for biosensing: a review (2008–2013)

Immobilization of lipases on hydrophobic supports: immobilization mechanism, advantages, problems, and solutions.

Synergetic effect for NADH oxidation of ferrocene and zeolite in modified carbon paste electrodes: New approach for dehydrogenase based biosensors

Amperometric lactate biosensor for flow injection analysis based on a screen-printed carbon electrode containing Meldola's Blue-Reinecke salt, coated with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD+.

Candida antartica lipase B (CALB) is the most versatile biocatalyst and is, therefore, widely used in industry. Its advantages range from thermostability, stereoselectivity, and activity in organic solvents to the acceptance of nucleophiles other than water. The actual standard for industrial applications of CALB is the immobilized enzyme on Lewatit VP OC 1600 and is marketed under the name Novozym® 435. A new acrylic enzyme carrier (ECR1030) for the immobilization by adsorption of CALB and for use in batch or column reactors has been developed. The resin shows an activity of >9000 PLU/gDry, which is similar to Novozym® 435. Protein loading was 24.4 mg/gWet, and immobilizations yields higher than 90% were obtained. Unlike the resin used for the production of Novozym® 435, ECR1030 possesses high mechanical stability and is therefore more suitable for applications that expose the polymers to high mechanical stress, such as multiple reuses in stirred reactors.



Practical applications: Immobilized CALB is the biocatalyst used in the widest amount of industrial applications due to its broad selectivity and stability. It can be used for the manufacture of specialty chemicals such as surfactants, amides, chiral amines, alcohols, biodiesel, and polyesters. Its industrial use is in stirred tanks or packed columns, so high mechanical stability is needed together with high activity and sustainable costs.

Simona Serban

Papers

Industrial applications of immobilized enzymes—A review

Synergetic effect for NADH oxidation of ferrocene and zeolite in modified carbon paste electrodes: New approach for dehydrogenase based biosensors

Amperometric lactate biosensor for flow injection analysis based on a screen-printed carbon electrode containing Meldola's Blue-Reinecke salt, coated with lactate dehydrogenase and NAD+.

New highly robust divinyl benzene/acrylate polymer for immobilization of lipase CALB

Layer-by-layer hydroxymethyl ferrocene modified sensor for one-step flow/stop-flow injection amperometric immunoassay of α-fetoprotein