A compilation of UAV applications for precision agriculture

Internet of Things (IoT)-based automation of agricultural events can change the agriculture sector from being static and manual to dynamic and smart, leading to enhanced production with reduced human efforts. Precision Agriculture (PA) along with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are the main drivers of automation in the agriculture domain. PA uses specific sensors and software to ensure that the crops receive exactly what they need to optimize productivity and sustainability. PA includes retrieving real data about the conditions of soil, crops and weather from the sensors deployed in the fields. High-resolution images of crops are obtained from satellite or air-borne platforms (manned or unmanned), which are further processed to extract information used to provide future decisions. In this paper, a review of near and remote sensor networks in the agriculture domain is presented along with several considerations and challenges. This survey includes wireless communication technologies, sensors, and wireless nodes used to assess the environmental behaviour, the platforms used to obtain spectral images of crops, the common vegetation indices used to analyse spectral images and applications of WSN in agriculture. As a proof of concept, we present a case study showing how WSN-based PA system can be implemented. We propose an IoT-based smart solution for crop health monitoring, which is comprised of two modules. The first module is a wireless sensor network-based system to monitor real-time crop health status. The second module uses a low altitude remote sensing platform to obtain multi-spectral imagery, which is further processed to classify healthy and unhealthy crops. We also highlight the results obtained using a case study and list the challenges and future directions based on our work.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/17/3796/pdf

Precision Agriculture Techniques and Practices: From Considerations to Applications.

Raspberry Pi assisted face recognition framework for enhanced law-enforcement services in smart cities

IoT and Machine Learning Approaches for Automation of Farm Irrigation System

Dearth of fresh water worldwide has given rise to solemn alarms since a decade. Economical administration of water resources plays a critical role when it is mainly with reference to the agriculture zone. Irrigation is generally functions along with canal plan by which water is pumped up into fields once at regular period of time according to farmers habitual ways without appropriate measurements with none feedback of water level in field. This kind of irrigation method will definitely hinder the crop growth and health and produces a poor yield as a result of some crops area component too susceptible to water content in soil. The ingenuous ICT technique presents an insolent system that uses minimum value soil wetness sensing element and temperature sensing element to manage facility in water shortage regions. The sensor, those vocations on the standard of moisture reliant resistance amendment between two points within the soil, is invented with the help of low cost materials and ways. Moisture and temperature knowledge is fetched from a sensing element node is distributed through an Arduino to a centralized server that controls facility. An automaton application is developed to envision the daily wetness and temperature knowledge. Moreover, the planned wetness sensing and temperature sensing ways have the power to be incorporated into machine-controlled which is automatic irrigation theme and perform automated, exactness agriculture in conjunction with de-centralized water management system. Application results illustrate that system through the embedded controlled technology which makes it complete intelligent irrigation, enhance the agricultural produce and improve soil health by irrigation, the water is used fruitfully and irrigation system automation is achieved mostly in all aspects.

Automation of irrigation system through embedded computing technology

This paper proposes a design for home automation system using ready-to-use, cost effective and energy efficient devices including raspberry pi, arduino microcontrollers, xbee modules and relay boards. Use of these components results in overall cost effective, scalable and robust implementation of system. The commands from the user are processed at raspberry pi using python programming language. Arduino microcontrollers are used to receive the on/off commands from the rasperry pi using zigbee protocol. Star zigbee topology serves as backbone for the communication between raspberry pi and end devices. Raspberry pi acts a central coordinator and end devices act as various routers. Low-cost and energy efficient drip irrigation system serves as a proof of concept. The design can be used in big agriculture fields as well as in small gardens via just sending an email to the system to water plants. The use of ultrasound sensors and solenoid valves make a smart drip irrigation system. The paper explains the complete installation of the system including hardware and software aspects. Experimental set-up is also tested and explained for an automatic drip irrigation system to water 50 pots.

Smart drip irrigation system using raspberry pi and arduino

This paper compares various leakage reduction techniques including Multi-threshold CMOS, Super-Cutoff CMOS, Zigzag, Stack Effect, Input Vector Control, LECTOR, Sleepy Stack, Sleepy Keeper, VCLEARIT, GALEOR, Dual Sleep, Sleepy-Pass Gate and Transistor Gating. The paper elaborately explores the working, comparison and analysis of all these techniques in different CMOS technologies. Leakage Power is analyzed during the standby mode of operation. It has been observed that for a particular circuit leakage depends on CMOS technology as well as leakage reduction technique. In this paper, wide range of results for leakage power reduction techniques of CMOS technologies from 180nm to 45nm is covered which will be helpful for further research in this area.

Analysis and comparison of leakage power reduction techniques in CMOS circuits

In this paper, a new technique of power reduction in a cmos domino logic is proposed. The proposed technique uses clock gating as well as output hold circuitery. Clock is passed to the domino logic only during the active state of the circuit. During standby mode, clock is bypassed while the state of the circuit is retained. A 2:1 multiplexer is used for clock gating and for retaining the state of the circuit. Simulation results are being carried out in a 2-input nand gate, 2-input nor gate and 1-bit conventional full adder cell in 16nm cmos technology. The power of the proposed circuit is reduced to an average of 99.37 percent with respect to standard domino logic. Propagation delay is slightly increased to an average of 4.53 percent. Area of the proposed circuit increases to four transistors per domino module.

Power Reduction in Domino Logic Using Clock Gating in 16nm CMOS Technology

A novel technique for static leakage reduction in CMOS technology is proposed in this paper. This technique uses high and low values of threshold voltage as well as high and low values of gate oxid...

A novel technique for static leakage reduction in 16 nm CMOS design

In this paper a novel area optimized XOR gate is proposed. The proposed design is based on the concept of single inverted inputs. The function is also implemented using CMOS and PTL logic. The comparison between the logics is made using power and delay. The novel design using only one inverted input is found to be 80.67% optimized for power in comparison to CMOS logic and 59.59% power optimized in comparison with PTL logic. The tool for implementation is ngspice on 16 nm technology.

Smita Singhal

Papers

Smart drip irrigation system using raspberry pi and arduino

Analysis and comparison of leakage power reduction techniques in CMOS circuits

Power Reduction in Domino Logic Using Clock Gating in 16nm CMOS Technology

A novel technique for static leakage reduction in 16 nm CMOS design

A Novel Power Efficient XOR Gate Based on Single Inverted Input