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A History of Modern Burma

Myanmar: A Political Economy Analysis

Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar Ian Holliday (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011/New York: Columbia University Press, 2012) Not surprisingly, give...

Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar

The moment

Caretaking Democratization: The Military and Political Change in Myanmar. By Renaud Egreteau. London: Hurst & Co, 2016. Hardcover: 193pp. In Caretaking Democratization the French scholar Renaud Egreteau adds his voice to the growing body of literature on Myanmar's recent political transition. Egreteau already has a considerable number of publications on Myanmar under his belt, not least on the role of the military in the country's politics and the role of the national-level parliament since reforms were introduced in 2011. As such, it is not surprising that, like other academics, Egreteau sees endogenous rather than external factors as key to the "pacted" transition he says we have witnessed in Myanmar (p. 15). The title of the book clearly conveys the thrust of Egreteau's argument: namely, that when compared to the period of direct military rule that preceded it, the period between 2011 and early 2016 is one in which the military limited its interventionism in Myanmar politics to that of the "guardian" army. The Tatmadaw, the official name for the armed forces, remains the "last resort decision-maker" in the post-SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) hybrid system. For Egreteau, Myanmar's transition from military rule is a sui generis case (p. 3). The book consists of six substantive chapters. In the opening chapter, Egreteau contextualizes the recent transition with reference to Myanmar's political history. His discussion shows that the "pacted" transition, which is also described as a "loose settlement" (p. 32), was sought by the military leadership, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy as well as ethnic leaders who were willing to compromise to move politics forward. As Egreteau explains, the transition was long planned by the military and can be re-traced at the very least to the 2003 political roadmap to a discipline-flourishing democracy on which the then military regime embarked in the aftermath of the renewed detention of Suu Kyi if not to the early days of the State Law and Order Restoration Council. The importance of the role of wider social elites and political entrepreneurs as drivers of political transition has arguably been the focus of more detailed work published elsewhere. Nevertheless, Egreteau similarly maintains that "the 'Third Force' has participated in the shaping of the 'environmental conditions' necessary to the bargaining of a loose 'pact' once the SPDC was disbanded in 2011" (p. 36). Chapter two describes the broadening of socio-political space under President U Thein Sein. Attention is given to the 2010, 2012 and 2015 elections and the expansion of civil society. However, Egreteau concentrates not only on the positives, and hence does not fail to mention either the disenfranchisement experienced by several groups or the issue of religious extremism. Drawing strongly on his previous work, Egreteau then examines the role of legislators in a revived parliamentary setting. Chapter three contains very interesting data and analysis on political parties and even key legislators. Egreteau notes that there has been some reliance on foreign funds for urgent parliamentary capacity building. Beyond noting external influences, he also outlines the problem of internal divisions and splits experienced by political parties. Setting out the current pattern of military intervention in Myanmar politics, Egreteau looks at political violence, political fragmentation and ethnic and communal conflicts. He also devotes particular attention to the role of the military in legislative affairs. …

Caretaking Democratization: The Military and Political Change in Myanmar

The article examines the role of political parties in Myanmar’s democratisation process. We argue that the substance of democratisation depends on popular representation through political parties but question their capacity to provide such representation. Examining capacity through the concept of party institutionalisation, we find that most parties have not been able to build effective organisational structures. However, we also find a degree of party institutionalisation in the form of rootedness in society. Political cleavages between those favouring authoritarian rule over democratic rule and Burman nationhood over ethnic notions of nationhood have produced divisions between state-centred parties associated with Myanmar’s authoritarian legacy and society-centred pro-democracy and ethnic parties. Although being less dichotomous than in the past, we argue that these cleavages continue to provide a basis for party identity and rootedness in society. We conclude that further development of political parties and popular representation will be shaped by the relations between parties, the state, and society – where individual parties are shaped according to their tendencies towards state-centred cartel parties or society-centred mass parties.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/186810341503400301

Political Parties and Popular Representation in Myanmar’s Democratisation Process

This article analyzes Myanmar’s transition from authoritarianism and asks if it represents a transition towards democracy or a hybrid form of rule. Starting from theoretical debates about modes of transition, the article examines competing discourses on Myanmar’s opening and argues that it resembles an imposed more than a negotiated transition. Next, the article analyzes the links between this mode of transition and its outcomes, and finds that contemporary Myanmar is characterized by a combination of formal institutions for democratic representation, civilian government, and power-sharing, and problems of weak popular representation, limited civilian control of the military, and continued centralization of state authority. The article concludes that Myanmar’s political trajectory remains open-ended, but also that Myanmar, at least for the time being, seems more accurately described as a relatively stable hybrid regime than as a country that is in transition to democracy.

/pdf/transition-to-democracy-or-hybrid-regime-the-dynamics-and-5d9ajrzjn5.pdf

Soe Myint Aung

Papers

Political Parties and Popular Representation in Myanmar’s Democratisation Process

Transition to Democracy or Hybrid Regime? The Dynamics and Outcomes of Democratization in Myanmar