Data Mining - Concepts and Techniques.

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

Topology control in a sensor network balances load on sensor nodes and increases network scalability and lifetime. Clustering sensor nodes is an effective topology control approach. We propose a novel distributed clustering approach for long-lived ad hoc sensor networks. Our proposed approach does not make any assumptions about the presence of infrastructure or about node capabilities, other than the availability of multiple power levels in sensor nodes. We present a protocol, HEED (Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), that periodically selects cluster heads according to a hybrid of the node residual energy and a secondary parameter, such as node proximity to its neighbors or node degree. HEED terminates in O(1) iterations, incurs low message overhead, and achieves fairly uniform cluster head distribution across the network. We prove that, with appropriate bounds on node density and intracluster and intercluster transmission ranges, HEED can asymptotically almost surely guarantee connectivity of clustered networks. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed approach is effective in prolonging the network lifetime and supporting scalable data aggregation.

/pdf/heed-a-hybrid-energy-efficient-distributed-clustering-4c3cjgsfv9.pdf

HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks

http://cpham.perso.univ-pau.fr/ENSEIGNEMENT/PAU-UPPA/RESA-M2/Clustering-abasi.pdf

A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks

Topology Control (TC) is one of the most important techniques used in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks to reduce energy consumption (which is essential to extend the network operational time) and radio interference (with a positive effect on the network traffic carrying capacity). The goal of this technique is to control the topology of the graph representing the communication links between network nodes with the purpose of maintaining some global graph property (e.g., connectivity), while reducing energy consumption and/or interference that are strictly related to the nodes' transmitting range. In this article, we state several problems related to topology control in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, and we survey state-of-the-art solutions which have been proposed to tackle them. We also outline several directions for further research which we hope will motivate researchers to undertake additional studies in this field.

/pdf/topology-control-in-wireless-ad-hoc-and-sensor-networks-3e17u396zt.pdf

Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) has enabled operators to dynamically place and allocate resources for network services to match workload requirements. However, unbounded end-to-end (e2e) latency of Service Function Chains (SFCs) resulting from distributed Virtualized Network Function (VNF) deployments can severely degrade performance. In particular, SFC instantiations with inter-data center links can incur high e2e latencies and Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations. These latencies can trigger timeouts and protocol errors with latency-sensitive operations.Traditional solutions to reduce e2e latency involve physical deployment of service elements in close proximity. These solutions are, however, no longer viable in the NFV era. In this paper, we present our solution that bounds the e2e latency in SFCs and inter-VNF control message exchanges by creating micro-service aggregates based on the affinity between VNFs. Our system, Contain-ed, dynamically creates and manages affinity aggregates using light-weight virtualization technologies like containers, allowing them to be placed in close proximity and hence bounding the e2e latency. We have applied Contain-ed to the Clearwater IP Multimedia System and built a proof-of-concept. Our results demonstrate that, by utilizing application and protocol specific knowledge, affinity aggregates can effectively bound SFC delays and significantly reduce protocol errors and service disruptions.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3094405.3094408

Contain-ed: An NFV Micro-Service System for Containing e2e Latency

Multimedia applications with stringent delay requirements are usually supported by the constant bit rate (CBR) or real-time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) service categories of ATM. This article shows that the available bit rate (ABR) service, which was originally designed for data, can also support multimedia applications under certain circumstances. Issues related to the design of proper ABR traffic management algorithms for such support are presented.

https://cse.wustl.edu/~jain/papers/ftp/multabr.pdf

QoS and multipoint support for multimedia applications over the ATM ABR service

Scalability and Traffic Control in Ip Networks

The Available Bit Rate (ABR) service in ATM networks uses end-to-end rate-based flow control to allow fair and efficient support of data applications over ATM networks. One of the architectural features in the ABR specification [ATM Forum, ATM Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0, April 1996] is the Virtual Source/Virtual Destination (VS/VD) option. This option allows a switch to divide an end-to-end ABR connection into separately controlled ABR segments by acting like a (virtual) destination on one segment, and like a (virtual) source on the other. The translation and propagation of feedback in the VS/VD switch between the two ABR control segments (called “coupling”) is implementation specific. In this paper, we model a VS/VD ATM switch and study the issues in designing the coupling between ABR segments. We identify a number of implementation options for the coupling and show that the choice of the implementation option significantly affects the system performance in terms of (a) the system stability in the steady state, (b) the time to respond to transient changes and converge to the steady state, and (c) the buffer requirements at the switches.

Design considerations for the virtual source/virtual destination (VS/VD) feature in the ABR service of ATM networks

A method for detecting an anomaly in a network can include combining a number of data-created sketch-sets and requesting a finer sketch-set for an identified sketch-set among the combined number of sketch-sets using an aggregator, and creating the finer sketch-set for the identified sketch-set to detect the anomaly in the network using a monitor.

Sonia Fahmy

Papers

Contain-ed: An NFV Micro-Service System for Containing e2e Latency

QoS and multipoint support for multimedia applications over the ATM ABR service

Scalability and Traffic Control in Ip Networks

Design considerations for the virtual source/virtual destination (VS/VD) feature in the ABR service of ATM networks

Detecting network anomaly