Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.

Random graphs

The emergence of a unified cognitive moment relies on the coordination of scattered mosaics of functionally specialized brain regions. Here we review the mechanisms of large-scale integration that counterbalance the distributed anatomical and functional organization of brain activity to enable the emergence of coherent behaviour and cognition. Although the mechanisms involved in large-scale integration are still largely unknown, we argue that the most plausible candidate is the formation of dynamic links mediated by synchrony over multiple frequency bands.

The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration.

Prelude. Cycle 1. Introduction. Cycle 2. Structure defines function. Cycle 3. Diversity of cortical functions is provided by inhibition. Cycle 4. Windows on the brain. Cycle 5. A system of rhythms: from simple to complex dynamics. Cycle 6. Synchronization by oscillation. Cycle 7. The brain's default state: self-organized oscillations in rest and sleep. Cycle 8. Perturbation of the default patterns by experience. Cycle 9. The gamma buzz: gluing by oscillations in the waking brain. Cycle 10. Perceptions and actions are brain state-dependent. Cycle 11. Oscillations in the "other cortex:" navigation in real and memory space. Cycle 12. Coupling of systems by oscillations. Cycle 13. The tough problem. References.

Rhythms of the brain

It is now commonly accepted that planning and execution of movements are based on distributed processing by neuronal populations in motor cortical areas. It is less clear, though, how these populations organize dynamically to cope with the momentary computational demands. Simultaneously recorded activities of neurons in the primary motor cortex of monkeys during performance of a delayed-pointing task exhibited context-dependent, rapid changes in the patterns of coincident action potentials. Accurate spike synchronization occurred in relation to external events (stimuli, movements) and was commonly accompanied by discharge rate modulations but without precise time locking of the spikes to these external events. Spike synchronization also occurred in relation to purely internal events (stimulus expectancy), where firing rate modulations were distinctly absent. These findings indicate that internally generated synchronization of individual spike discharges may subserve the cortical organization of cognitive motor processes.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/278/5345/1950.full.pdf

Spike Synchronization and Rate Modulation Differentially Involved in Motor Cortical Function

Modeling the spatial reach of the LFP.

Recent studies have emphasized the functional role of neuronal activity underlying oscillatory local field potential (LFP) signals during visual processing in natural conditions. While functionally relevant components in multiple frequency bands have been reported, little is known about whether and how these components interact with each other across the dominant frequency bands. We examined this phenomenon in LFP signals obtained from the primary visual cortex of monkeys performing voluntary saccadic eye movements (EMs) on still images of natural-scenes. We identified saccade-related changes in respect to power and phase in four dominant frequency bands: delta-theta (2–4 Hz), alpha-beta (10–13 Hz), low-gamma (20–40 Hz), and high-gamma (>100 Hz). The phase of the delta-theta band component is found to be entrained to the rhythm of the repetitive saccades, while an increment in the power of the alpha-beta and low-gamma bands were locked to the onset of saccades. The degree of the power modulation in these frequency bands is positively correlated with the degree of the phase-locking of the delta-theta oscillations to EMs. These results suggest the presence of cross-frequency interactions in the form of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between slow (delta-theta) and faster (alpha-beta and low gamma) oscillations. As shown previously, spikes evoked by visual fixations during free viewing are phase-locked to the fast oscillations. Thus, signals of different types and at different temporal scales are nested to each other during natural viewing. Such cross-frequency interaction may provide a general mechanism to coordinate sensory processing on a fast time scale and motor behavior on a slower time scale during active sensing.

/pdf/cross-frequency-interaction-of-the-eye-movement-related-lfp-4ne72bekru.pdf

Cross-frequency interaction of the eye-movement related LFP signals in V1 of freely viewing monkeys.

It has been proposed that cortical neurons organize dynamically into functional groups (cell assemblies) by the temporal structure of their joint spiking activity. Here, we describe a novel method to detect conspicuous patterns of coincident joint spike activity among simultaneously recorded single neurons. The statistical significance of these unitary events of coincident joint spike activity is evaluated by the joint-surprise. The method is tested and calibrated on the basis of simulated, stationary spike trains of independently firing neurons, into which coincident joint spike events were inserted under controlled conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of the method are investigated for their dependence on physiological parameters (firing rate, coincidence precision, coincidence pattern complexity) and temporal resolution of the analysis. In the companion article in this issue, we describe an extension of the method, designed to deal with nonstationary firing rates.

http://material.brainworks.uni-freiburg.de/publications-brainworks/2002/journal%20papers/ue-1.pdf

Unitary events in multiple single-neuron spiking activity: I. detection and significance

Part 1: Basic spike train statistics: Point process models. Ch 1.- Stochastic models of spike trains-Carl van Vreeswijk. Ch 2.- Estimating the firing rate- Shigeru Shinomoto. Ch 3.- Processing of phase-locked spikes and periodic signals- Go Ashida, Hermann Wagner and Catherine E. Carr. Ch 4.- Analysis and interpretation of interval and count variability in neural spike trains- Martin Paul Nawrot. Part II: Pairwise comparison of spike trains. Ch 5.- Dependence of spike-count correlations on spike-train statistics and observation time-scale- Tom Tetzlaff and Markus Diesmann. Ch 6.- Pair-correlation in the time and frequency domain- Jos J. Eggermont. Ch 7.- Spike metrics- Jonathan D. Victor and Keith P. Purpura. Ch8.- Gravitational clustering- George Gerstein. Part III: Multiple-neuron spike patterns. Ch 9.- Spatio-temporal patterns- Moshe Abeles. Ch 10.- Unitary Events analysis- Sonja Grun, Markus Diesmann and Ad Aertsen. Ch 11.- Information geometry of multiple spike trains- Shun-ichi Amari. Ch 12.- Higher-order correlations and cumulants- Benjamin Staude, Sonja Grun and Stefan Rotter. Part IV: Population-based approaches. Ch13.- Information theory and systems neuroscience- Don H. Johnson, lan N. Goodman and Christopher J. Rozell. Ch 14.- Population coding- Stefano Panzeri, Fernando Montani, Giuseppe Notaro, Cesare Magri and Rasmus S. Petersen. Ch 15. Chastic models for multivariate neural point processes: Collective dynamics and neural decoding- Wilson Truccolo. Part V: Practical issues. Ch 15.- Simulation of stochastic point processes with defined properties-Stefano Cardanobile and Stefan Rotter. Ch 16. Generation and selection of surrogate methods for correlation analysis-Sebastien Louis, Christian Borgelt and Sonja Grun. Ch 17.- Bootstrap tests of hypotheses-Valerie Ventura. Ch18.- Generating random numbers.- Hans Ekkehard Plesser. Ch 19. Practically trivial parallel data processing in a neuroscience laboratory- Michael Denker, Bernd Wiebelt, Denny Fliegner,Markus Diesmann and Abigail Morrison

Sonja Grün

Papers

Spike Synchronization and Rate Modulation Differentially Involved in Motor Cortical Function

Modeling the spatial reach of the LFP.

Cross-frequency interaction of the eye-movement related LFP signals in V1 of freely viewing monkeys.

Unitary events in multiple single-neuron spiking activity: I. detection and significance

Analysis of Parallel Spike Trains